** AWARDS ISSUED PRIOR TO JANUARY 20, 2025, WERE FUNDED UNDER PREVIOUS ADMINISTRATIONS AND MAY NOT REFLECT THE PRIORITIES AND POLICIES OF THE CURRENT ADMINISTRATION.** ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS CAN DRAMATICALLY ALTER THE POTENCY OF HERBICIDE APPLICATIONS. ELEVATED TEMPERATURES ARE OF INCREASING CONCERN, ESPECIALLY GIVEN PREDICTED CLIMATE CHANGE. UNDER (REASONABLY) HIGHER TEMPERATURES, HERBICIDES GENERALLY BECOME MORE EFFECTIVE; ALARMINGLY, WE HAVE IDENTIFIED THE OPPOSITE TREND IN SOME WEEDS. THEREFORE, IN THIS PROJECT WE WILL ADDRESS THIS OBSERVATION THAT SOME WEEDS BECOME MORE RESISTANT TO HERBICIDES IN HIGHER TEMPERATURES.TO DO SO, WE WILL BUILD A FOUNDATION TO UNDERSTAND HOW SOME PLANTS BECOME HERBICIDE TOLERANT WHEN TEMPERATURES ARE HIGH. WE WILL DETERMINE HOW HIGH TEMPERATURES NEED TO BE AND THE DURATION OF HIGH TEMPERATURES NECESSARY TO CAUSE REDUCED HERBICIDE POTENCY. FURTHER, WE WILL EXPOSE HERBICIDE RESISTANT WEEDS TO STRATEGICALLY SELECTED DRUGS TO TRY TO PREVENT THEIR ABILITY TO BLOCK HERBICIDES. WE WILL EXPLORE THE GENETICS OF HERBICIDE RESISTANCE AT HIGH TEMPERATURES TO UNDERSTAND IF THIS TRAIT WILL BE PASSED ON TO FUTURE GENERATIONS OF WEEDS. FINALLY, WE WILL EXAMINE THE CELLULAR MECHANISMS THAT ENABLE WEEDS TO RESIST HERBICIDES AT HIGH TEMPERATURES.BY UNDERSTANDING HOW HERBICIDE RESISTANCE CAN BE INDUCED BY STRESSFUL ENVIRONMENTS, LIKE HIGH TEMPERATURES, WE CAN INFORM THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW TOOLS AND STRATEGIES TO OVERCOME WEEDS AND PREVENT INEFFECTUAL USE OF HERBICIDES. THIS WILL CONTRIBUTE TO BETTER ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND ECONOMIC OUTCOMES FOR AGRICULTURAL MARKETS.