7 PRECISE MEASUREMENTS OF THE ENERGY SPECTRA OF INDIVIDUAL NUCLEI OVER THE PROTON-TO-IRON ELEMENTAL RANGE FROM 1012 EV TO ~1015 EV WILL ADDRESS THE LONG-STANDING FUNDAMENTAL SCIENCE QUESTIONS: (1) DO SUPERNOVAE REALLY SUPPLY THE BULK OF COSMIC RAYS? (2) WHAT IS THE HISTORY OF COSMIC RAYS IN THE GALAXY? (3) CAN THE ENERGY SPECTRA OF COSMIC RAYS RESULT FROM A SINGLE MECHANISM? (4) WHAT IS THE ORIGIN OF THE STEEPENING (KNEE) AROUND 3 1015 EV IN THE COSMIC - RAY ALL-PARTICLE ENERGY SPECTRUM? THESE QUESTIONS HAVE BEEN DIFFICULT TO ANSWER BECAUSE NO SPACE MISSION CAPABLE OF MEASURING THE LOW FLUXES OF PARTICLES AT ENERGIES APPROACHING THE KNEE HAS YET BEEN FLOWN. THE ISS-CREAM MISSION WILL BE THE FIRST EXPERIMENT TO HAVE THE STATISTICS NEEDED TO PURSUE THEM EFFECTIVELY. IT WOULD ACHIEVE ESSENTIALLY ALL OF THE PRIMARY SCIENCE OBJECTIVES OF THE ADVANCED COSMIC-RAY COMPOSITION EXPERIMENT FOR THE SPACE STATION (ACCESS) MISSION PRIORITIZED IN THE 2001 NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL DECADAL STUDY ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM. SPECIFICALLY, IT WILL: (1) DETERMINE HOW THE OBSERVED SPECTRAL DIFFERENCES OF PROTONS AND HEAVIER NUCLEI EVOLVE AT HIGHER ENERGIES APPROACHING THE KNEE ; (2) BE CAPABLE OF MEASURING POTENTIAL CHANGES IN THE SPECTRA OF SECONDARY NUCLEI RESULTING FROM INTERACTIONS OF PRIMARY COSMIC RAYS WITH THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM; (3) CONDUCT A SENSITIVE SEARCH FOR SPECTRAL FEATURES, SUCH AS A BEND IN PROTON AND HELIUM SPECTRA; AND (4) MEASURE ELECTRONS WITH SUFFICIENT ACCURACY AND STATISTICS TO DETERMINE WHETHER OR NOT A NEARBY COSMIC-RAY SOURCE EXISTS. IT WILL ALSO CONTRIBUTE INDIRECTLY TO THE DARK MATTER SEARCH BY MEASURING ELECTRONS IN ADDITION TO NUCLEI AT ENERGIES BEYOND WHERE CURRENT DIRECT MEASUREMENTS EXIST. Funding Only Action ($209k) 2/28/19 Not listed PRECISE MEASUREMENTS OF THE ENERGY SPECTRA OF INDIVIDUAL NUCLEI OVER THE PROTON-TO-IRON ELEMENTAL RANGE FROM 1012 EV TO ~1015 EV WILL ADDRESS THE LONG-STANDING FUNDAMENTAL SCIENCE QUESTIONS: (1) DO SUPERNOVAE REALLY SUPPLY THE BULK OF COSMIC RAYS? (2) WHAT IS THE HISTORY OF COSMIC RAYS IN THE GALAXY? (3) CAN THE ENERGY SPECTRA OF COSMIC RAYS RESULT FROM A SINGLE MECHANISM? (4) WHAT IS THE ORIGIN OF THE STEEPENING (KNEE) AROUND 3 1015 EV IN THE COSMIC - RAY ALL-PARTICLE ENERGY SPECTRUM? THESE QUESTIONS HAVE BEEN DIFFICULT TO ANSWER BECAUSE NO SPACE MISSION CAPABLE OF MEASURING THE LOW FLUXES OF PARTICLES AT ENERGIES APPROACHING THE KNEE HAS YET BEEN FLOWN. THE ISS-CREAM MISSION WILL BE THE FIRST EXPERIMENT TO HAVE THE STATISTICS NEEDED TO PURSUE THEM EFFECTIVELY. IT WOULD ACHIEVE ESSENTIALLY ALL OF THE PRIMARY SCIENCE OBJECTIVES OF THE ADVANCED COSMIC-RAY COMPOSITION EXPERIMENT FOR THE SPACE STATION (ACCESS) MISSION PRIORITIZED IN THE 2001 NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL DECADAL STUDY ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM. SPECIFICALLY IT WILL: (1) DETERMINE HOW THE OBSERVED SPECTRAL DIFFERENCES OF PROTONS AND HEAVIER NUCLEI EVOLVE AT HIGHER ENERGIES APPROACHING THE KNEE ; (2) BE CAPABLE OF MEASURING POTENTIAL CHANGES IN THE SPECTRA OF SECONDARY NUCLEI RESULTING FROM INTERACTIONS OF PRIMARY COSMIC RAYS WITH THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM; (3) CONDUCT A SENSITIVE SEARCH FOR SPECTRAL FEATURES SUCH AS A BEND IN PROTON AND HELIUM SPECTRA; AND (4) MEASURE ELECTRONS WITH SUFFICIENT ACCURACY AND STATISTICS TO DETERMINE WHETHER OR NOT A NEARBY COSMIC-RAY SOURCE EXISTS. IT WILL ALSO CONTRIBUTE INDIRECTLY TO THE DARK MATTER SEARCH BY MEASURING ELECTRONS IN ADDITION TO NUCLEI AT ENERGIES BEYOND WHERE CURRENT DIRECT MEASUREMENTS EXIST. ($209k) 2/28/19 6 PRECISE MEASUREMENTS OF THE ENERGY SPECTRA OF INDIVIDUAL NUCLEI OVER THE PROTON-TO-IRON ELEMENTAL RANGE FROM 1012 EV TO ~1015 EV WILL ADDRESS THE LONG-STANDING FUNDAMENTAL SCIENCE QUESTIONS: (1) DO SUPERNOVAE REALLY SUPPLY THE BULK OF COSMIC RAYS? (2) WHAT IS THE HISTORY OF COSMIC RAYS IN THE GALAXY? (3) CAN THE ENERGY SPECTRA OF COSMIC RAYS RESULT FROM A SINGLE MECHANISM? (4) WHAT IS THE ORIGIN OF THE STEEPENING (KNEE) AROUND 3 1015 EV IN THE COSMIC - RAY ALL-PARTICLE ENERGY SPECTRUM? THESE QUESTIONS HAVE BEEN DIFFICULT TO ANSWER BECAUSE NO SPACE MISSION CAPABLE OF MEASURING THE LOW FLUXES OF PARTICLES AT ENERGIES APPROACHING THE KNEE HAS YET BEEN FLOWN. THE ISS-CREAM MISSION WILL BE THE FIRST EXPERIMENT TO HAVE THE STATISTICS NEEDED TO PURSUE THEM EFFECTIVELY. IT WOULD ACHIEVE ESSENTIALLY ALL OF THE PRIMARY SCIENCE OBJECTIVES OF THE ADVANCED COSMIC-RAY COMPOSITION EXPERIMENT FOR THE SPACE STATION (ACCESS) MISSION PRIORITIZED IN THE 2001 NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL DECADAL STUDY ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM. SPECIFICALLY, IT WILL: (1) DETERMINE HOW THE OBSERVED SPECTRAL DIFFERENCES OF PROTONS AND HEAVIER NUCLEI EVOLVE AT HIGHER ENERGIES APPROACHING THE KNEE ; (2) BE CAPABLE OF MEASURING POTENTIAL CHANGES IN THE SPECTRA OF SECONDARY NUCLEI RESULTING FROM INTERACTIONS OF PRIMARY COSMIC RAYS WITH THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM; (3) CONDUCT A SENSITIVE SEARCH FOR SPECTRAL FEATURES, SUCH AS A BEND IN PROTON AND HELIUM SPECTRA; AND (4) MEASURE ELECTRONS WITH SUFFICIENT ACCURACY AND STATISTICS TO DETERMINE WHETHER OR NOT A NEARBY COSMIC-RAY SOURCE EXISTS. IT WILL ALSO CONTRIBUTE INDIRECTLY TO THE DARK MATTER SEARCH BY MEASURING ELECTRONS IN ADDITION TO NUCLEI AT ENERGIES BEYOND WHERE CURRENT DIRECT MEASUREMENTS EXIST. Other Administrative Action $0 3/21/18 Not listed PRECISE MEASUREMENTS OF THE ENERGY SPECTRA OF INDIVIDUAL NUCLEI OVER THE PROTON-TO-IRON ELEMENTAL RANGE FROM 1012 EV TO ~1015 EV WILL ADDRESS THE LONG-STANDING FUNDAMENTAL SCIENCE QUESTIONS: (1) DO SUPERNOVAE REALLY SUPPLY THE BULK OF COSMIC RAYS? (2) WHAT IS THE HISTORY OF COSMIC RAYS IN THE GALAXY? (3) CAN THE ENERGY SPECTRA OF COSMIC RAYS RESULT FROM A SINGLE MECHANISM? (4) WHAT IS THE ORIGIN OF THE STEEPENING (KNEE) AROUND 3 1015 EV IN THE COSMIC - RAY ALL-PARTICLE ENERGY SPECTRUM? THESE QUESTIONS HAVE BEEN DIFFICULT TO ANSWER BECAUSE NO SPACE MISSION CAPABLE OF MEASURING THE LOW FLUXES OF PARTICLES AT ENERGIES APPROACHING THE KNEE HAS YET BEEN FLOWN. THE ISS-CREAM MISSION WILL BE THE FIRST EXPERIMENT TO HAVE THE STATISTICS NEEDED TO PURSUE THEM EFFECTIVELY. IT WOULD ACHIEVE ESSENTIALLY ALL OF THE PRIMARY SCIENCE OBJECTIVES OF THE ADVANCED COSMIC-RAY COMPOSITION EXPERIMENT FOR THE SPACE STATION (ACCESS) MISSION PRIORITIZED IN THE 2001 NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL DECADAL STUDY ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM. SPECIFICALLY IT WILL: (1) DETERMINE HOW THE OBSERVED SPECTRAL DIFFERENCES OF PROTONS AND HEAVIER NUCLEI EVOLVE AT HIGHER ENERGIES APPROACHING THE KNEE ; (2) BE CAPABLE OF MEASURING POTENTIAL CHANGES IN THE SPECTRA OF SECONDARY NUCLEI RESULTING FROM INTERACTIONS OF PRIMARY COSMIC RAYS WITH THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM; (3) CONDUCT A SENSITIVE SEARCH FOR SPECTRAL FEATURES SUCH AS A BEND IN PROTON AND HELIUM SPECTRA; AND (4) MEASURE ELECTRONS WITH SUFFICIENT ACCURACY AND STATISTICS TO DETERMINE WHETHER OR NOT A NEARBY COSMIC-RAY SOURCE EXISTS. IT WILL ALSO CONTRIBUTE INDIRECTLY TO THE DARK MATTER SEARCH BY MEASURING ELECTRONS IN ADDITION TO NUCLEI AT ENERGIES BEYOND WHERE CURRENT DIRECT MEASUREMENTS EXIST. $0 3/21/18 5 PRECISE MEASUREMENTS OF THE ENERGY SPECTRA OF INDIVIDUAL NUCLEI OVER THE PROTON-TO-IRON ELEMENTAL RANGE FROM 1012 EV TO ~1015 EV WILL ADDRESS THE LONG-STANDING FUNDAMENTAL SCIENCE QUESTIONS: (1) DO SUPERNOVAE REALLY SUPPLY THE BULK OF COSMIC RAYS? (2) WHAT IS THE HISTORY OF COSMIC RAYS IN THE GALAXY? (3) CAN THE ENERGY SPECTRA OF COSMIC RAYS RESULT FROM A SINGLE MECHANISM? (4) WHAT IS THE ORIGIN OF THE STEEPENING (KNEE) AROUND 3 1015 EV IN THE COSMIC - RAY ALL-PARTICLE ENERGY SPECTRUM? THESE QUESTIONS HAVE BEEN DIFFICULT TO ANSWER BECAUSE NO SPACE MISSION CAPABLE OF MEASURING THE LOW FLUXES OF PARTICLES AT ENERGIES APPROACHING THE KNEE HAS YET BEEN FLOWN. THE ISS-CREAM MISSION WILL BE THE FIRST EXPERIMENT TO HAVE THE STATISTICS NEEDED TO PURSUE THEM EFFECTIVELY. IT WOULD ACHIEVE ESSENTIALLY ALL OF THE PRIMARY SCIENCE OBJECTIVES OF THE ADVANCED COSMIC-RAY COMPOSITION EXPERIMENT FOR THE SPACE STATION (ACCESS) MISSION PRIORITIZED IN THE 2001 NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL DECADAL STUDY ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM. SPECIFICALLY, IT WILL: (1) DETERMINE HOW THE OBSERVED SPECTRAL DIFFERENCES OF PROTONS AND HEAVIER NUCLEI EVOLVE AT HIGHER ENERGIES APPROACHING THE KNEE ; (2) BE CAPABLE OF MEASURING POTENTIAL CHANGES IN THE SPECTRA OF SECONDARY NUCLEI RESULTING FROM INTERACTIONS OF PRIMARY COSMIC RAYS WITH THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM; (3) CONDUCT A SENSITIVE SEARCH FOR SPECTRAL FEATURES, SUCH AS A BEND IN PROTON AND HELIUM SPECTRA; AND (4) MEASURE ELECTRONS WITH SUFFICIENT ACCURACY AND STATISTICS TO DETERMINE WHETHER OR NOT A NEARBY COSMIC-RAY SOURCE EXISTS. IT WILL ALSO CONTRIBUTE INDIRECTLY TO THE DARK MATTER SEARCH BY MEASURING ELECTRONS IN ADDITION TO NUCLEI AT ENERGIES BEYOND WHERE CURRENT DIRECT MEASUREMENTS EXIST. Funding Only Action ($465k) 3/9/18