This is a $475,850 research grant awarded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to Purdue University to study the formation and termination of double ridges on the surface of Jupiter's moon Europa. The research aims to develop a model for how tidal flexing causes water to flow through subsurface ice fissures, leading to the buildup of ice wedges that force the overlying ice into the observed ridge structures. The findings could help understand the icy lithosphere of Europa and aid in future exploration and sampling of its subsurface ocean. This grant is directly relevant to NASA's objectives for studying the workings of planetary lithospheres, volcanism, and surface evolution. The grant does not have a set-aside designation.