Not listed MAGMATIC INTRUSIONS WHICH ARE KNOWN AS DIKES OFTEN TRANSPORT MAGMA FROM RESERVOIRS IN THE CRUST TO THE SURFACE. UNDERSTANDING THE PHYSICS OF THESE INTRUSIONS IS THUS OF PARAMOUNT IMPORTANCE IN UNDERSTANDING WHEN AND WHERE ERUPTIONS OCCUR. DIKES HAVE BEEN THE SUBJECT OF ACTIVE RESEARCH FOR DECADES HOWEVER MANY ASPECTS OF THEIR FORMATION ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD. A CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF LITERATURE HAS BEEN PUBLISHED SHOWING NUMERICAL MODELS OF DIKES HOWEVER THESE MODELS TYPICALLY HAVE SIGNIFICANT LIMITATIONS. FOR EXAMPLE THEY MAY LACK THE ABILITY TO CONSIDER STRENGTH HETEROGENEITIES OR FRACTURES MAY BE RESTRICTED TO CONFORM TO A CERTAIN MESH ORIENTATION. THESE MODELS TYPICALLY ONLY ALLOW MAGMA PROPAGATION IN TWO SPATIAL DIMENSIONS. RECENTLY SOPHISTICATED NUMERICAL CODES FOR HYDRAULIC FRACTURES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED ALLOWING US TO RELAX MANY RESTRICTIONS THAT MAY HAVE SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTED RESULTS OF PAST STUDIES. IN THIS PROPOSAL I IDENTIFY POTENTIAL CODES THAT DO NOT REQUIRE FRACTURES TO CONFORM TO A MESH. ONE CODE DEVELOPED BY BOURDIN AND OTHERS IS ESPECIALLY PROMISING BECAUSE IT CAN CAPTURE A VARIETY OF COMPLEX FRACTURE PHENOMENA SUCH AS KINKING BRANCHING AND FRACTURE INTERACTIONS. FURTHERMORE THE SAME CODE CAN BE EXTENDED RELATIVELY EASILY INTO THREE DIMENSIONS. I PROPOSE APPLYING THESE NEWLY DEVELOPED CODES TO INVESTIGATE VARIOUS ASPECTS OF DIKE FORMATION THAT ARE NOT WELL UNDERSTOOD INCLUDING KINKS AND BARRIERS THAT CHARACTERIZED THE PROPAGATION OF THE 2014 BARDARBUNGA DIKE IN ICELAND THE TRANSITION FROM LATERAL TO VERTICAL PROPAGATION AND SILL FORMATION AND TRANSITIONING TO A DIKE DURING THE 2010 EYJAFJALLAJOKULL ERUPTION IN ICELAND. THIS PROJECT WILL BE DATA DRIVEN IN THE SENSE THAT SIMULATIONS WILL BE COMPARED TO OBSERVED BEHAVIOR OF MAGMATIC INTRUSIONS AND TO DATA ACQUIRED BY SATELLITE GEODESY. THE BARDARBUNGA 2014 DIKE IS BY FAR THE BEST MONITORED LARGE DIKE IN HISTORY. THE FORMATION OF THE DIKE WHICH EVENTUALLY LED TO A LARGE BASALTIC ERUPTION WAS RECORDED BY SEVERAL CONTINUOUS GPS STATIONS NUMEROUS HIGH-QUALITY INSAR ACQUISITIONS AND HIGH-ACCURACY SEISMIC LOCATIONS. THE NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS WILL BE COMPARED TO THIS DATASET WHEN I INVESTIGATE KINKS ON A DIKE PATH DIKE ARREST AND THE TRANSITION FROM LATERAL TO VERTICAL PROPAGATION LEADING TO AN ERUPTION. FURTHERMORE WE WILL USE DATA FROM THE EVENTS LEADING UP TO THE INFAMOUS 2010 EYJAFJALLAJOKULL ERUPTION IN ICELAND TO INVESTIGATE SILL FORMATION AND SILL TRANSITIONING TO A DIKE. THE 2014 EYJAFJALLAJOKULL DATA ALSO CONTAINS SOME CONTINUOUS GPS SITES AND SEVERAL INTERFEROGRAMS. THE FINAL GOAL IN THIS PROPOSAL IS TO LAY THE FOUNDATION FOR USING NUMERICAL PHYSICS-BASED CODES IN INVERSION SCHEMES TO IMAGE MAGMATIC INTRUSIONS. ONE KEY GOAL OF NASA'S EARTH SURFACE AND INTERIOR LIVING ON A RESTLESS PLANET PLAN IS TO DETERMINE HOW MAGMATIC SYSTEMS EVOLVE AND THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH VOLCANOES ERUPT. THE WORK PROPOSED HERE COULD HELP US UNDERSTAND THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH VOLCANOES DO OR DO NOT ERUPT THUS LEADING TO IMPROVED ERUPTION FORECASTS. ($5k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unding Only Action ($5k) 2/11/20 Not listed MAGMATIC INTRUSIONS WHICH ARE KNOWN AS DIKES OFTEN TRANSPORT MAGMA FROM RESERVOIRS IN THE CRUST TO THE SURFACE. UNDERSTANDING THE PHYSICS OF THESE INTRUSIONS IS THUS OF PARAMOUNT IMPORTANCE IN UNDERSTANDING WHEN AND WHERE ERUPTIONS OCCUR. DIKES HAVE BEEN THE SUBJECT OF ACTIVE RESEARCH FOR DECADES; HOWEVER MANY ASPECTS OF THEIR FORMATION ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD. A CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF LITERATURE HAS BEEN PUBLISHED SHOWING NUMERICAL MODELS OF DIKES; HOWEVER THESE MODELS TYPICALLY HAVE SIGNIFICANT LIMITATIONS. FOR EXAMPLE THEY MAY LACK THE ABILITY TO CONSIDER STRENGTH HETEROGENEITIES OR FRACTURES MAY BE RESTRICTED TO CONFORM TO A CERTAIN MESH ORIENTATION. THESE MODELS TYPICALLY ONLY ALLOW MAGMA PROPAGATION IN TWO SPATIAL DIMENSIONS. RECENTLY SOPHISTICATED NUMERICAL CODES FOR HYDRAULIC FRACTURES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED ALLOWING US TO RELAX MANY RESTRICTIONS THAT MAY HAVE SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTED RESULTS OF PAST STUDIES. IN THIS PROPOSAL I IDENTIFY POTENTIAL CODES THAT DO NOT REQUIRE FRACTURES TO CONFORM TO A MESH. ONE CODE DEVELOPED BY BOURDIN AND OTHERS IS ESPECIALLY PROMISING BECAUSE IT CAN CAPTURE A VARIETY OF COMPLEX FRACTURE PHENOMENA SUCH AS KINKING BRANCHING AND FRACTURE INTERACTIONS. FURTHERMORE THE SAME CODE CAN BE EXTENDED RELATIVELY EASILY INTO THREE DIMENSIONS. I PROPOSE APPLYING THESE NEWLY DEVELOPED CODES TO INVESTIGATE VARIOUS ASPECTS OF DIKE FORMATION THAT ARE NOT WELL UNDERSTOOD INCLUDING KINKS AND BARRIERS THAT CHARACTERIZED THE PROPAGATION OF THE 2014 BARDARBUNGA DIKE IN ICELAND THE TRANSITION FROM LATERAL TO VERTICAL PROPAGATION AND SILL FORMATION AND TRANSITIONING TO A DIKE DURING THE 2010 EYJAFJALLAJOKULL ERUPTION IN ICELAND. THIS PROJECT WILL BE DATA DRIVEN IN THE SENSE THAT SIMULATIONS WILL BE COMPARED TO OBSERVED BEHAVIOR OF MAGMATIC INTRUSIONS AND TO DATA ACQUIRED BY SATELLITE GEODESY. THE BARDARBUNGA 2014 DIKE IS BY FAR THE BEST MONITORED LARGE DIKE IN HISTORY. THE FORMATION OF THE DIKE WHICH EVENTUALLY LED TO A LARGE BASALTIC ERUPTION WAS RECORDED BY SEVERAL CONTINUOUS GPS STATIONS NUMEROUS HIGH-QUALITY INSAR ACQUISITIONS AND HIGH-ACCURACY SEISMIC LOCATIONS. THE NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS WILL BE COMPARED TO THIS DATASET WHEN I INVESTIGATE KINKS ON A DIKE PATH DIKE ARREST AND THE TRANSITION FROM LATERAL TO VERTICAL PROPAGATION LEADING TO AN ERUPTION. FURTHERMORE WE WILL USE DATA FROM THE EVENTS LEADING UP TO THE INFAMOUS 2010 EYJAFJALLAJOKULL ERUPTION IN ICELAND TO INVESTIGATE SILL FORMATION AND SILL TRANSITIONING TO A DIKE. THE 2014 EYJAFJALLAJOKULL DATA ALSO CONTAINS SOME CONTINUOUS GPS SITES AND SEVERAL INTERFEROGRAMS. THE FINAL GOAL IN THIS PROPOSAL IS TO LAY THE FOUNDATION FOR USING NUMERICAL PHYSICS-BASED CODES IN INVERSION SCHEMES TO IMAGE MAGMATIC INTRUSIONS. ONE KEY GOAL OF NASA'S EARTH SURFACE AND INTERIOR LIVING ON A RESTLESS PLANET PLAN IS TO DETERMINE HOW MAGMATIC SYSTEMS EVOLVE AND THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH VOLCANOES ERUPT. THE WORK PROPOSED HERE COULD HELP US UNDERSTAND THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH VOLCANOES DO OR DO NOT ERUPT THUS LEADING TO IMPROVED ERUPTION FORECASTS. $45.0k 7/21/18 3 MAGMATIC INTRUSIONS, WHICH ARE KNOWN AS DIKES, OFTEN TRANSPORT MAGMA FROM RESERVOIRS IN THE CRUST TO THE SURFACE. UNDERSTANDING THE PHYSICS OF THESE INTRUSIONS IS THUS OF PARAMOUNT IMPORTANCE IN UNDERSTANDING WHEN AND WHERE ERUPTIONS OCCUR. DIKES HAVE BEEN THE SUBJECT OF ACTIVE RESEARCH FOR DECADES; HOWEVER, MANY ASPECTS OF THEIR FORMATION ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD. A CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF LITERATURE HAS BEEN PUBLISHED SHOWING NUMERICAL MODELS OF DIKES; HOWEVER, THESE MODELS TYPICALLY HAVE SIGNIFICANT LIMITATIONS. FOR EXAMPLE, THEY MAY LACK THE ABILITY TO CONSIDER STRENGTH HETEROGENEITIES, OR FRACTURES MAY BE RESTRICTED TO CONFORM TO A CERTAIN MESH ORIENTATION. THESE MODELS TYPICALLY ONLY ALLOW MAGMA PROPAGATION IN TWO SPATIAL DIMENSIONS. RECENTLY, SOPHISTICATED NUMERICAL CODES FOR HYDRAULIC FRACTURES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED, ALLOWING US TO RELAX MANY RESTRICTIONS THAT MAY HAVE SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTED RESULTS OF PAST STUDIES. IN THIS PROPOSAL, I IDENTIFY POTENTIAL CODES THAT DO NOT REQUIRE FRACTURES TO CONFORM TO A MESH. ONE CODE, DEVELOPED BY BOURDIN AND OTHERS, IS ESPECIALLY PROMISING BECAUSE IT CAN CAPTURE A VARIETY OF COMPLEX FRACTURE PHENOMENA, SUCH AS KINKING, BRANCHING, AND FRACTURE INTERACTIONS. FURTHERMORE, THE SAME CODE CAN BE EXTENDED RELATIVELY EASILY INTO THREE DIMENSIONS. I PROPOSE APPLYING THESE NEWLY DEVELOPED CODES TO INVESTIGATE VARIOUS ASPECTS OF DIKE FORMATION THAT ARE NOT WELL UNDERSTOOD, INCLUDING KINKS AND BARRIERS THAT CHARACTERIZED THE PROPAGATION OF THE 2014 BARDARBUNGA DIKE IN ICELAND, THE TRANSITION FROM LATERAL TO VERTICAL PROPAGATION, AND SILL FORMATION AND TRANSITIONING TO A DIKE DURING THE 2010 EYJAFJALLAJOKULL ERUPTION IN ICELAND. THIS PROJECT WILL BE DATA DRIVEN IN THE SENSE THAT SIMULATIONS WILL BE COMPARED TO OBSERVED BEHAVIOR OF MAGMATIC INTRUSIONS AND TO DATA ACQUIRED BY SATELLITE GEODESY. THE BARDARBUNGA 2014 DIKE IS BY FAR THE BEST MONITORED LARGE DIKE IN HISTORY. THE FORMATION OF THE DIKE, WHICH EVENTUALLY LED TO A LARGE BASALTIC ERUPTION, WAS RECORDED BY SEVERAL CONTINUOUS GPS STATIONS, NUMEROUS HIGH-QUALITY INSAR ACQUISITIONS, AND HIGH-ACCURACY SEISMIC LOCATIONS. THE NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS WILL BE COMPARED TO THIS DATASET WHEN I INVESTIGATE KINKS ON A DIKE PATH, DIKE ARREST, AND THE TRANSITION FROM LATERAL TO VERTICAL PROPAGATION LEADING TO AN ERUPTION. FURTHERMORE, WE WILL USE DATA FROM THE EVENTS LEADING UP TO THE INFAMOUS 2010 EYJAFJALLAJOKULL ERUPTION IN ICELAND TO INVESTIGATE SILL FORMATION AND SILL TRANSITIONING TO A DIKE. THE 2014 EYJAFJALLAJOKULL DATA ALSO CONTAINS SOME CONTINUOUS GPS SITES AND SEVERAL INTERFEROGRAMS. THE FINAL GOAL IN THIS PROPOSAL IS TO LAY THE FOUNDATION FOR USING NUMERICAL PHYSICS-BASED CODES IN INVERSION SCHEMES TO IMAGE MAGMATIC INTRUSIONS. ONE KEY GOAL OF NASA'S EARTH SURFACE AND INTERIOR LIVING ON A RESTLESS PLANET PLAN IS TO DETERMINE HOW MAGMATIC SYSTEMS EVOLVE AND THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH VOLCANOES ERUPT. THE WORK PROPOSED HERE COULD HELP US UNDERSTAND THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH VOLCANOES DO OR DO NOT ERUPT, THUS LEADING TO IMPROVED ERUPTION FORECASTS. Funding Only Action $45.0k 7/21/18 2 MAGMATIC INTRUSIONS, WHICH ARE KNOWN AS DIKES, OFTEN TRANSPORT MAGMA FROM RESERVOIRS IN THE CRUST TO THE SURFACE. UNDERSTANDING THE PHYSICS OF THESE INTRUSIONS IS THUS OF PARAMOUNT IMPORTANCE IN UNDERSTANDING WHEN AND WHERE ERUPTIONS OCCUR. DIKES HAVE BEEN THE SUBJECT OF ACTIVE RESEARCH FOR DECADES; HOWEVER, MANY ASPECTS OF THEIR FORMATION ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD. A CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF LITERATURE HAS BEEN PUBLISHED SHOWING NUMERICAL MODELS OF DIKES; HOWEVER, THESE MODELS TYPICALLY HAVE SIGNIFICANT LIMITATIONS. FOR EXAMPLE, THEY MAY LACK THE ABILITY TO CONSIDER STRENGTH HETEROGENEITIES, OR FRACTURES MAY BE RESTRICTED TO CONFORM TO A CERTAIN MESH ORIENTATION. THESE MODELS TYPICALLY ONLY ALLOW MAGMA PROPAGATION IN TWO SPATIAL DIMENSIONS. RECENTLY, SOPHISTICATED NUMERICAL CODES FOR HYDRAULIC FRACTURES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED, ALLOWING US TO RELAX MANY RESTRICTIONS THAT MAY HAVE SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTED RESULTS OF PAST STUDIES. IN THIS PROPOSAL, I IDENTIFY POTENTIAL CODES THAT DO NOT REQUIRE FRACTURES TO CONFORM TO A MESH. ONE CODE, DEVELOPED BY BOURDIN AND OTHERS, IS ESPECIALLY PROMISING BECAUSE IT CAN CAPTURE A VARIETY OF COMPLEX FRACTURE PHENOMENA, SUCH AS KINKING, BRANCHING, AND FRACTURE INTERACTIONS. FURTHERMORE, THE SAME CODE CAN BE EXTENDED RELATIVELY EASILY INTO THREE DIMENSIONS. I PROPOSE APPLYING THESE NEWLY DEVELOPED CODES TO INVESTIGATE VARIOUS ASPECTS OF DIKE FORMATION THAT ARE NOT WELL UNDERSTOOD, INCLUDING KINKS AND BARRIERS THAT CHARACTERIZED THE PROPAGATION OF THE 2014 BARDARBUNGA DIKE IN ICELAND, THE TRANSITION FROM LATERAL TO VERTICAL PROPAGATION, AND SILL FORMATION AND TRANSITIONING TO A DIKE DURING THE 2010 EYJAFJALLAJOKULL ERUPTION IN ICELAND. THIS PROJECT WILL BE DATA DRIVEN IN THE SENSE THAT SIMULATIONS WILL BE COMPARED TO OBSERVED BEHAVIOR OF MAGMATIC INTRUSIONS AND TO DATA ACQUIRED BY SATELLITE GEODESY. THE BARDARBUNGA 2014 DIKE IS BY FAR THE BEST MONITORED LARGE DIKE IN HISTORY. THE FORMATION OF THE DIKE, WHICH EVENTUALLY LED TO A LARGE BASALTIC ERUPTION, WAS RECORDED BY SEVERAL CONTINUOUS GPS STATIONS, NUMEROUS HIGH-QUALITY INSAR ACQUISITIONS, AND HIGH-ACCURACY SEISMIC LOCATIONS. THE NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS WILL BE COMPARED TO THIS DATASET WHEN I INVESTIGATE KINKS ON A DIKE PATH, DIKE ARREST, AND THE TRANSITION FROM LATERAL TO VERTICAL PROPAGATION LEADING TO AN ERUPTION. FURTHERMORE, WE WILL USE DATA FROM THE EVENTS LEADING UP TO THE INFAMOUS 2010 EYJAFJALLAJOKULL ERUPTION IN ICELAND TO INVESTIGATE SILL FORMATION AND SILL TRANSITIONING TO A DIKE. THE 2014 EYJAFJALLAJOKULL DATA ALSO CONTAINS SOME CONTINUOUS GPS SITES AND SEVERAL INTERFEROGRAMS. THE FINAL GOAL IN THIS PROPOSAL IS TO LAY THE FOUNDATION FOR USING NUMERICAL PHYSICS-BASED CODES IN INVERSION SCHEMES TO IMAGE MAGMATIC INTRUSIONS. ONE KEY GOAL OF NASA'S EARTH SURFACE AND INTERIOR LIVING ON A RESTLESS PLANET PLAN IS TO DETERMINE HOW MAGMATIC SYSTEMS EVOLVE AND THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH VOLCANOES ERUPT. THE WORK PROPOSED HERE COULD HELP US UNDERSTAND THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH VOLCANOES DO OR DO NOT ERUPT, THUS LEADING TO IMPROVED ERUPTION FORECASTS. Funding Only Action $45.0k 6/5/17