Not listed AEROSOLS CAN MODIFY THE EARTHS RADIATION BUDGET AND RADIATIVE HEATING VIA MODIFICATION OF CLOUD MICROPHYSICAL AND MACROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES AS WELL AS ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS. SUCH RADIATIVE EFFECTS ARE COLLECTIVELY REFERRED TO AS AEROSOL-MEDIATED CLOUD RADIATIVE FORCING (AMCRF). TO DATE MOST EFFORTS HAVE BEEN DEVOTED TO THE AMCRF RELATED TO CHANGES IN CLOUD MICROPHYSICS FOR WARM LIQUID CLOUDS. HOWEVER THERE HAS BEEN INCREASING EVIDENCE THAT AEROSOLS CAN DRASTICALLY CHANGE CLOUD STRUCTURE AND ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS FOR DEEP CONVECTIVE CLOUDS (DCCS) LEADING TO THE MODIFICATION OF THE RADIATION BUDGET VIA CHANGES IN CLOUD STRUCTURE CLOUD MICROPHYSICS MOISTURE CONTENT ETC. BUILT UPON OUR SYSTEMATIC PURSUITS ON BROAD SUBJECTS PERTAINING TO AEROSOL AND DCC INTERACTIONS THIS STUDY WILL FOCUS ON CHANGES IN AMCRF DUE TO DCCS ESPECIALLY THE EXTREME DCC PYROCB AND INDUCED CHANGES IN MOISTURE IN THE UPPER TROPOSPHERE AND LOWER STRATOSPHERE (UTLS). THE MAJOR RESEARCHES TO BE CONDUCTED ARE: (1) DERIVE A LONG-TERM CLIMATOLOGY OF AMCRF ASSOCIATED WITH DCCS DURING BOTH DAYTIME AND NIGHTTIME OVER THE GLOBE USING MULTIPLE A-TRAIN SATELLITE PRODUCTS. AEROSOL-INDUCED CHANGES IN HEIGHT AND HORIZONTAL EXTENT HAVE BEEN STUDIED EXTENSIVELY BUT FEW ESTIMATES OF AMCRF HAVE BEEN MADE. THE DIURNAL MEAN NET AMCRF IS THE BALANCE BETWEEN SHORTWAVE AND LONGWAVE AMCRF WHICH IS DRIVEN BY CLOUD PROPERTIES AND DIURNAL VARIATIONS. TO GAUGE THE DIURNAL EFFECTS A-TRAIN SATELLITE DATA FROM BOTH DAYTIME AND NIGHTTIME OVERPASSES WILL BE EMPLOYED. (2) ESTIMATE PYROCB-INDUCED CHANGES IN THE WATER VAPOR AMOUNT IN THE UTLS. DUE TO THE AEROSOL INVIGORATION EFFECT MORE ULTRA-SMALL CLOUD PARTICLES ARE HYPOTHESIZED TO EXIST IN THE UTLS. CLOUD PARTICLES LOCATED AT THESE ALTITUDES ARE MORE LIKELY TO SUBLIMATE THAN TO PRECIPITATE LEADING TO MORE WATER VAPOR IN THE UTLS AND A STRONGER GREENHOUSE EFFECT WHOSE OVERALL RADIATIVE EFFECT WILL BE EVALUATED BY ANALYZING AEROSOL CLOUD AND WATER VAPOR DATA FORM BOTH A-TRAIN AND METEOROLOGICAL REANALYSIS. (3) SEPARATE THE EFFECTS OF AEROSOL-INDUCED CHANGES IN CLOUD RADIATIVE FORCING FROM THOSE CAUSED BY ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS BY MEANS OF MODEL SIMULATIONS AND DATA ANALYSES. STATISTICAL ANALYSES WILL BE USED TO SORT OUT VARIOUS INFLUENTIAL FACTORS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS AND MODEL SIMULATIONS FOR SELECTED CASES AND ENSEMBLE OF CASES WILL HELP SORT OUT AND QUANTIFY THE VARIOUS EFFECTS MORE PRECISELY. FOR TASK (1) WE WILL EXPAND THE SCOPE OF OUR PREVIOUS STUDIES TO INCLUDE ANALYSES ON A GLOBAL SCALE AND OVER THE ENTIRE OBSERVATION PERIOD. IN DOING SO MORE TYPES OF AEROSOLS AND METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS WILL BE ENCOUNTERED. TASK (2) IS A NEW FRONTIER TO EXPLORE GIVEN THAT IT INVOLVES A PHENOMENON WHOSE CLIMATE EFFECT HAS ONLY BEEN HYPOTHESIZED BUT NOT WELL DEMONSTRATED OR QUANTIFIED AT ALL. WE WILL STUDY DCCS OCCURRING IN VARIOUS STATES OF AEROSOL POLLUTION WITH MORE FOCUS ON THE EXTREME CASE OF DCC NAMELY PYROCUMULONIMBUS (PYROCB). PYROCBS ARE STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH AEROSOLS CLOSE TO THE EMISSION SOURCES. TASK (3) WILL SERVE AS A TOOL TO EXAMINE OBSERVATIONAL FINDINGS AND TO GAIN FURTHER UNDERSTANDING OF UNDERLYING PHYSICAL PROCESSES. THE STUDY WILL USE A COMBINATION OF CO-LOCATED SPACE-BORNE LIDAR RADAR SPECTRAL RADIOMETER AND MICROWAVE MEASUREMENTS FROM THE A-TRAIN. DATA USED WILL INCLUDE CLOUD PRODUCTS FROM CLOUDSAT AEROSOL AND CLOUD PRODUCTS FROM THE CLOUD-AEROSOL LIDAR AND INFRARED PATHFINDER SATELLITE OBSERVATION SATELLITE AND THE MODERATE RESOLUTION IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER ATMOSPHERIC WATER VAPOR DATA FROM THE ATMOSPHERIC INFRARED SOUNDER AND THE MICROWAVE LIMB SOUNDER AS WELL AS METEOROLOGICAL VARIABLES FROM REANALYSIS AND MODEL SIMULATIONS. THE PROPOSED STUDY IS IN DIRECT RESPONSE TO THE FOLLOWING TASKS CALLED FOR: AEROSOL/CLOUD INTERACTIONS AND THEIR IMPACT ON CLOUD MICROPHYSICS OPTICS AND RADIATION AEROSOL DIRECT AND INDIRECT RADIATIVE EFFECTS. ($4) 11/16/20 7 AEROSOLS CAN MODIFY THE EARTHS RADIATION BUDGET AND RADIATIVE HEATING VIA MODIFICATION OF CLOUD MICROPHYSICAL AND MACROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES, AS WELL AS ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS. SUCH RADIATIVE EFFECTS ARE COLLECTIVELY REFERRED TO AS AEROSOL-MEDIATED CLOUD RADIATIVE FORCING (AMCRF). TO DATE, MOST EFFORTS HAVE BEEN DEVOTED TO THE AMCRF RELATED TO CHANGES IN CLOUD MICROPHYSICS FOR WARM LIQUID CLOUDS. HOWEVER, THERE HAS BEEN INCREASING EVIDENCE THAT AEROSOLS CAN DRASTICALLY CHANGE CLOUD STRUCTURE AND ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS FOR DEEP CONVECTIVE CLOUDS (DCCS), LEADING TO THE MODIFICATION OF THE RADIATION BUDGET VIA CHANGES IN CLOUD STRUCTURE, CLOUD MICROPHYSICS, MOISTURE CONTENT, ETC. BUILT UPON OUR SYSTEMATIC PURSUITS ON BROAD SUBJECTS PERTAINING TO AEROSOL AND DCC INTERACTIONS, THIS STUDY WILL FOCUS ON CHANGES IN AMCRF DUE TO DCCS ESPECIALLY THE EXTREME DCC, PYROCB AND INDUCED CHANGES IN MOISTURE IN THE UPPER TROPOSPHERE AND LOWER STRATOSPHERE (UTLS). THE MAJOR RESEARCHES TO BE CONDUCTED ARE: (1) DERIVE A LONG-TERM CLIMATOLOGY OF AMCRF ASSOCIATED WITH DCCS DURING BOTH DAYTIME AND NIGHTTIME OVER THE GLOBE USING MULTIPLE A-TRAIN SATELLITE PRODUCTS. AEROSOL-INDUCED CHANGES IN HEIGHT AND HORIZONTAL EXTENT HAVE BEEN STUDIED EXTENSIVELY, BUT FEW ESTIMATES OF AMCRF HAVE BEEN MADE. THE DIURNAL MEAN NET AMCRF IS THE BALANCE BETWEEN SHORTWAVE AND LONGWAVE AMCRF, WHICH IS DRIVEN BY CLOUD PROPERTIES AND DIURNAL VARIATIONS. TO GAUGE THE DIURNAL EFFECTS, A-TRAIN SATELLITE DATA FROM BOTH DAYTIME AND NIGHTTIME OVERPASSES WILL BE EMPLOYED. (2) ESTIMATE PYROCB-INDUCED CHANGES IN THE WATER VAPOR AMOUNT IN THE UTLS. DUE TO THE AEROSOL INVIGORATION EFFECT, MORE ULTRA-SMALL CLOUD PARTICLES ARE HYPOTHESIZED TO EXIST IN THE UTLS. CLOUD PARTICLES LOCATED AT THESE ALTITUDES ARE MORE LIKELY TO SUBLIMATE THAN TO PRECIPITATE, LEADING TO MORE WATER VAPOR IN THE UTLS AND A STRONGER GREENHOUSE EFFECT WHOSE OVERALL RADIATIVE EFFECT WILL BE EVALUATED BY ANALYZING AEROSOL, CLOUD AND WATER VAPOR DATA FORM BOTH A-TRAIN AND METEOROLOGICAL REANALYSIS. (3) SEPARATE THE EFFECTS OF AEROSOL-INDUCED CHANGES IN CLOUD RADIATIVE FORCING FROM THOSE CAUSED BY ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS BY MEANS OF MODEL SIMULATIONS AND DATA ANALYSES. STATISTICAL ANALYSES WILL BE USED TO SORT OUT VARIOUS INFLUENTIAL FACTORS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS, AND MODEL SIMULATIONS FOR SELECTED CASES AND ENSEMBLE OF CASES WILL HELP SORT OUT AND QUANTIFY THE VARIOUS EFFECTS MORE PRECISELY. FOR TASK (1), WE WILL EXPAND THE SCOPE OF OUR PREVIOUS STUDIES TO INCLUDE ANALYSES ON A GLOBAL SCALE AND OVER THE ENTIRE OBSERVATION PERIOD. IN DOING SO, MORE TYPES OF AEROSOLS AND METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS WILL BE ENCOUNTERED. TASK (2) IS A NEW FRONTIER TO EXPLORE GIVEN THAT IT INVOLVES A PHENOMENON WHOSE CLIMATE EFFECT HAS ONLY BEEN HYPOTHESIZED, BUT NOT WELL DEMONSTRATED OR QUANTIFIED AT ALL. WE WILL STUDY DCCS OCCURRING IN VARIOUS STATES OF AEROSOL POLLUTION, WITH MORE FOCUS ON THE EXTREME CASE OF DCC, NAMELY, PYROCUMULONIMBUS (PYROCB). PYROCBS ARE STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH AEROSOLS CLOSE TO THE EMISSION SOURCES. TASK (3) WILL SERVE AS A TOOL TO EXAMINE OBSERVATIONAL FINDINGS AND TO GAIN FURTHER UNDERSTANDING OF UNDERLYING PHYSICAL PROCESSES. THE STUDY WILL USE A COMBINATION OF CO-LOCATED SPACE-BORNE LIDAR, RADAR, SPECTRAL RADIOMETER, AND MICROWAVE MEASUREMENTS FROM THE A-TRAIN. DATA USED WILL INCLUDE CLOUD PRODUCTS FROM CLOUDSAT, AEROSOL AND CLOUD PRODUCTS FROM THE CLOUD-AEROSOL LIDAR AND INFRARED PATHFINDER SATELLITE OBSERVATION SATELLITE AND THE MODERATE RESOLUTION IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER, ATMOSPHERIC WATER VAPOR DATA FROM THE ATMOSPHERIC INFRARED SOUNDER AND THE MICROWAVE LIMB SOUNDER, AS WELL AS METEOROLOGICAL VARIABLES FROM REANALYSIS AND MODEL SIMULATIONS. THE PROPOSED STUDY IS IN DIRECT RESPONSE TO THE FOLLOWING TASKS CALLED FOR: AEROSOL/CLOUD INTERACTIONS AND THEIR IMPACT ON CLOUD MICROPHYSICS, OPTICS, AND RADIATION AEROSOL DIRECT AND INDIRECT RADIATIVE EFFECTS. Funding Only Action ($4) 11/16/20 Not listed AEROSOLS CAN MODIFY THE EARTHS RADIATION BUDGET AND RADIATIVE HEATING VIA MODIFICATION OF CLOUD MICROPHYSICAL AND MACROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES AS WELL AS ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS. SUCH RADIATIVE EFFECTS ARE COLLECTIVELY REFERRED TO AS AEROSOL-MEDIATED CLOUD RADIATIVE FORCING (AMCRF). TO DATE MOST EFFORTS HAVE BEEN DEVOTED TO THE AMCRF RELATED TO CHANGES IN CLOUD MICROPHYSICS FOR WARM LIQUID CLOUDS. HOWEVER THERE HAS BEEN INCREASING EVIDENCE THAT AEROSOLS CAN DRASTICALLY CHANGE CLOUD STRUCTURE AND ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS FOR DEEP CONVECTIVE CLOUDS (DCCS) LEADING TO THE MODIFICATION OF THE RADIATION BUDGET VIA CHANGES IN CLOUD STRUCTURE CLOUD MICROPHYSICS MOISTURE CONTENT ETC. BUILT UPON OUR SYSTEMATIC PURSUITS ON BROAD SUBJECTS PERTAINING TO AEROSOL AND DCC INTERACTIONS THIS STUDY WILL FOCUS ON CHANGES IN AMCRF DUE TO DCCS ESPECIALLY THE EXTREME DCC PYROCB AND INDUCED CHANGES IN MOISTURE IN THE UPPER TROPOSPHERE AND LOWER STRATOSPHERE (UTLS). THE MAJOR RESEARCHES TO BE CONDUCTED ARE: (1) DERIVE A LONG-TERM CLIMATOLOGY OF AMCRF ASSOCIATED WITH DCCS DURING BOTH DAYTIME AND NIGHTTIME OVER THE GLOBE USING MULTIPLE A-TRAIN SATELLITE PRODUCTS. AEROSOL-INDUCED CHANGES IN HEIGHT AND HORIZONTAL EXTENT HAVE BEEN STUDIED EXTENSIVELY BUT FEW ESTIMATES OF AMCRF HAVE BEEN MADE. THE DIURNAL MEAN NET AMCRF IS THE BALANCE BETWEEN SHORTWAVE AND LONGWAVE AMCRF WHICH IS DRIVEN BY CLOUD PROPERTIES AND DIURNAL VARIATIONS. TO GAUGE THE DIURNAL EFFECTS A-TRAIN SATELLITE DATA FROM BOTH DAYTIME AND NIGHTTIME OVERPASSES WILL BE EMPLOYED. (2) ESTIMATE PYROCB-INDUCED CHANGES IN THE WATER VAPOR AMOUNT IN THE UTLS. DUE TO THE AEROSOL INVIGORATION EFFECT MORE ULTRA-SMALL CLOUD PARTICLES ARE HYPOTHESIZED TO EXIST IN THE UTLS. CLOUD PARTICLES LOCATED AT THESE ALTITUDES ARE MORE LIKELY TO SUBLIMATE THAN TO PRECIPITATE LEADING TO MORE WATER VAPOR IN THE UTLS AND A STRONGER GREENHOUSE EFFECT WHOSE OVERALL RADIATIVE EFFECT WILL BE EVALUATED BY ANALYZING AEROSOL CLOUD AND WATER VAPOR DATA FORM BOTH A-TRAIN AND METEOROLOGICAL REANALYSIS. (3) SEPARATE THE EFFECTS OF AEROSOL-INDUCED CHANGES IN CLOUD RADIATIVE FORCING FROM THOSE CAUSED BY ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS BY MEANS OF MODEL SIMULATIONS AND DATA ANALYSES. STATISTICAL ANALYSES WILL BE USED TO SORT OUT VARIOUS INFLUENTIAL FACTORS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS AND MODEL SIMULATIONS FOR SELECTED CASES AND ENSEMBLE OF CASES WILL HELP SORT OUT AND QUANTIFY THE VARIOUS EFFECTS MORE PRECISELY. FOR TASK (1) WE WILL EXPAND THE SCOPE OF OUR PREVIOUS STUDIES TO INCLUDE ANALYSES ON A GLOBAL SCALE AND OVER THE ENTIRE OBSERVATION PERIOD. IN DOING SO MORE TYPES OF AEROSOLS AND METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS WILL BE ENCOUNTERED. TASK (2) IS A NEW FRONTIER TO EXPLORE GIVEN THAT IT INVOLVES A PHENOMENON WHOSE CLIMATE EFFECT HAS ONLY BEEN HYPOTHESIZED BUT NOT WELL DEMONSTRATED OR QUANTIFIED AT ALL. WE WILL STUDY DCCS OCCURRING IN VARIOUS STATES OF AEROSOL POLLUTION WITH MORE FOCUS ON THE EXTREME CASE OF DCC NAMELY PYROCUMULONIMBUS (PYROCB). PYROCBS ARE STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH AEROSOLS CLOSE TO THE EMISSION SOURCES. TASK (3) WILL SERVE AS A TOOL TO EXAMINE OBSERVATIONAL FINDINGS AND TO GAIN FURTHER UNDERSTANDING OF UNDERLYING PHYSICAL PROCESSES. THE STUDY WILL USE A COMBINATION OF CO-LOCATED SPACE-BORNE LIDAR RADAR SPECTRAL RADIOMETER AND MICROWAVE MEASUREMENTS FROM THE A-TRAIN. DATA USED WILL INCLUDE CLOUD PRODUCTS FROM CLOUDSAT AEROSOL AND CLOUD PRODUCTS FROM THE CLOUD-AEROSOL LIDAR AND INFRARED PATHFINDER SATELLITE OBSERVATION SATELLITE AND THE MODERATE RESOLUTION IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER ATMOSPHERIC WATER VAPOR DATA FROM THE ATMOSPHERIC INFRARED SOUNDER AND THE MICROWAVE LIMB SOUNDER AS WELL AS METEOROLOGICAL VARIABLES FROM REANALYSIS AND MODEL SIMULATIONS. THE PROPOSED STUDY IS IN DIRECT RESPONSE TO THE FOLLOWING TASKS CALLED FOR: AEROSOL/CLOUD INTERACTIONS AND THEIR IMPACT ON CLOUD MICROPHYSICS OPTICS AND RADIATION; AEROSOL DIRECT AND INDIRECT RADIATIVE EFFECTS. $0 7/14/19 6 AEROSOLS CAN MODIFY THE EARTHS RADIATION BUDGET AND RADIATIVE HEATING VIA MODIFICATION OF CLOUD MICROPHYSICAL AND MACROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES, AS WELL AS ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS. SUCH RADIATIVE EFFECTS ARE COLLECTIVELY REFERRED TO AS AEROSOL-MEDIATED CLOUD RADIATIVE FORCING (AMCRF). TO DATE, MOST EFFORTS HAVE BEEN DEVOTED TO THE AMCRF RELATED TO CHANGES IN CLOUD MICROPHYSICS FOR WARM LIQUID CLOUDS. HOWEVER, THERE HAS BEEN INCREASING EVIDENCE THAT AEROSOLS CAN DRASTICALLY CHANGE CLOUD STRUCTURE AND ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS FOR DEEP CONVECTIVE CLOUDS (DCCS), LEADING TO THE MODIFICATION OF THE RADIATION BUDGET VIA CHANGES IN CLOUD STRUCTURE, CLOUD MICROPHYSICS, MOISTURE CONTENT, ETC. BUILT UPON OUR SYSTEMATIC PURSUITS ON BROAD SUBJECTS PERTAINING TO AEROSOL AND DCC INTERACTIONS, THIS STUDY WILL FOCUS ON CHANGES IN AMCRF DUE TO DCCS ESPECIALLY THE EXTREME DCC, PYROCB AND INDUCED CHANGES IN MOISTURE IN THE UPPER TROPOSPHERE AND LOWER STRATOSPHERE (UTLS). THE MAJOR RESEARCHES TO BE CONDUCTED ARE: (1) DERIVE A LONG-TERM CLIMATOLOGY OF AMCRF ASSOCIATED WITH DCCS DURING BOTH DAYTIME AND NIGHTTIME OVER THE GLOBE USING MULTIPLE A-TRAIN SATELLITE PRODUCTS. AEROSOL-INDUCED CHANGES IN HEIGHT AND HORIZONTAL EXTENT HAVE BEEN STUDIED EXTENSIVELY, BUT FEW ESTIMATES OF AMCRF HAVE BEEN MADE. THE DIURNAL MEAN NET AMCRF IS THE BALANCE BETWEEN SHORTWAVE AND LONGWAVE AMCRF, WHICH IS DRIVEN BY CLOUD PROPERTIES AND DIURNAL VARIATIONS. TO GAUGE THE DIURNAL EFFECTS, A-TRAIN SATELLITE DATA FROM BOTH DAYTIME AND NIGHTTIME OVERPASSES WILL BE EMPLOYED. (2) ESTIMATE PYROCB-INDUCED CHANGES IN THE WATER VAPOR AMOUNT IN THE UTLS. DUE TO THE AEROSOL INVIGORATION EFFECT, MORE ULTRA-SMALL CLOUD PARTICLES ARE HYPOTHESIZED TO EXIST IN THE UTLS. CLOUD PARTICLES LOCATED AT THESE ALTITUDES ARE MORE LIKELY TO SUBLIMATE THAN TO PRECIPITATE, LEADING TO MORE WATER VAPOR IN THE UTLS AND A STRONGER GREENHOUSE EFFECT WHOSE OVERALL RADIATIVE EFFECT WILL BE EVALUATED BY ANALYZING AEROSOL, CLOUD AND WATER VAPOR DATA FORM BOTH A-TRAIN AND METEOROLOGICAL REANALYSIS. (3) SEPARATE THE EFFECTS OF AEROSOL-INDUCED CHANGES IN CLOUD RADIATIVE FORCING FROM THOSE CAUSED BY ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS BY MEANS OF MODEL SIMULATIONS AND DATA ANALYSES. STATISTICAL ANALYSES WILL BE USED TO SORT OUT VARIOUS INFLUENTIAL FACTORS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS, AND MODEL SIMULATIONS FOR SELECTED CASES AND ENSEMBLE OF CASES WILL HELP SORT OUT AND QUANTIFY THE VARIOUS EFFECTS MORE PRECISELY. FOR TASK (1), WE WILL EXPAND THE SCOPE OF OUR PREVIOUS STUDIES TO INCLUDE ANALYSES ON A GLOBAL SCALE AND OVER THE ENTIRE OBSERVATION PERIOD. IN DOING SO, MORE TYPES OF AEROSOLS AND METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS WILL BE ENCOUNTERED. TASK (2) IS A NEW FRONTIER TO EXPLORE GIVEN THAT IT INVOLVES A PHENOMENON WHOSE CLIMATE EFFECT HAS ONLY BEEN HYPOTHESIZED, BUT NOT WELL DEMONSTRATED OR QUANTIFIED AT ALL. WE WILL STUDY DCCS OCCURRING IN VARIOUS STATES OF AEROSOL POLLUTION, WITH MORE FOCUS ON THE EXTREME CASE OF DCC, NAMELY, PYROCUMULONIMBUS (PYROCB). PYROCBS ARE STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH AEROSOLS CLOSE TO THE EMISSION SOURCES. TASK (3) WILL SERVE AS A TOOL TO EXAMINE OBSERVATIONAL FINDINGS AND TO GAIN FURTHER UNDERSTANDING OF UNDERLYING PHYSICAL PROCESSES. THE STUDY WILL USE A COMBINATION OF CO-LOCATED SPACE-BORNE LIDAR, RADAR, SPECTRAL RADIOMETER, AND MICROWAVE MEASUREMENTS FROM THE A-TRAIN. DATA USED WILL INCLUDE CLOUD PRODUCTS FROM CLOUDSAT, AEROSOL AND CLOUD PRODUCTS FROM THE CLOUD-AEROSOL LIDAR AND INFRARED PATHFINDER SATELLITE OBSERVATION SATELLITE AND THE MODERATE RESOLUTION IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER, ATMOSPHERIC WATER VAPOR DATA FROM THE ATMOSPHERIC INFRARED SOUNDER AND THE MICROWAVE LIMB SOUNDER, AS WELL AS METEOROLOGICAL VARIABLES FROM REANALYSIS AND MODEL SIMULATIONS. THE PROPOSED STUDY IS IN DIRECT RESPONSE TO THE FOLLOWING TASKS CALLED FOR: AEROSOL/CLOUD INTERACTIONS AND THEIR IMPACT ON CLOUD MICROPHYSICS, OPTICS, AND RADIATION; AEROSOL DIRECT AND INDIRECT RADIATIVE EFFECTS. Other Administrative Action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unding Only Action $122.6k 11/15/18