Not listed OVER THE LAST TWO DECADES GROWING GLOBAL DEMAND FOR BEEF AND COMMODITY CROPS HAS INCREASED PRESSURE ON BRAZIL S NATIVE ECOSYSTEMS PARTICULARLY THE FORESTS (AMAZON) AND SAVANNAS (CERRADO) THAT STRADDLE THE AGRICULTURAL FRONTIER. MEANWHILE MOUNTING PRESSURE TO REDUCE AMAZON DEFORESTATION AND INCREASE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION HAS BROUGHT ABOUT A NEW PARADIGM OF CATTLE EXPANSION. THE NEW MODEL FOCUSES ON INCREASING PRODUCTION IN NON-FOREST REGIONS (E.G. THE CERRADO) PARTICULARLY IN ALREADY CLEARED PASTURELANDS THAT CAN ACCOMMODATE EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION WHILE AVOIDING FURTHER CLEARING. THESE SHIFTING INCENTIVES HAVE TRIGGERED RAPID LAND-USE CHANGES IN BRAZIL S AGRICULTURAL FRONTIER AND DRAMATIC SHIFTS IN THE ASSOCIATED GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) EMISSIONS SINCE THE TURN OF THE CENTURY. TODAY CATTLE RANCHING IS THE SINGLE LARGEST SOURCE OF GHG EMISSIONS IN BRAZIL BUT EXISTING ESTIMATES ARE ROUGH. DESPITE RESEARCH EFFORTS TO QUANTIFY GHG EMISSIONS FROM CATTLE RANCHING SEVERAL IMPORTANT KNOWLEDGE GAPS REMAIN. FIRST THERE IS A LACK OF SPATIALLY CONSISTENT ANNUAL DATA ON PASTURE EXTENT PARTICULARLY IN THE BRAZILIAN CERRADO. SECOND MOST ESTIMATES OF GHG EMISSIONS FROM RANCHING IGNORE A POTENTIALLY LARGE SOURCE OF GHGS THE HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF SMALL RESERVOIRS SCATTERED ACROSS BRAZIL S RANGELANDS TO PROVIDE DRINKING WATER FOR CATTLE. THIRD WE KNOW LITTLE ABOUT HOW PASTURE DYNAMICS ARE CHANGING IN THE LANDSCAPE AND HOW THAT INTERACTS WITH RESERVOIR ABUNDANCE. THE PROPOSED PROJECT WILL ADDRESS THESE GAPS USING A COMBINATION OF FIELD MEASUREMENTS REMOTE SENSING AND MODELING TO ANSWER THE FOLLOWING KEY QUESTIONS: (1) HOW HAVE RECENT LAND-USE TRANSITIONS AFFECTED THE DISTRIBUTION AND INTENSIFICATION OF CATTLE PRODUCTION IN BRAZIL S AGRICULTURAL FRONTIER? (2) WHAT ARE THE INDIVIDUAL AND CUMULATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS OF AGRICULTURAL RESERVOIRS TO BRAZIL S CARBON BUDGET? (3) WHAT ARE THE CURRENT AND POTENTIAL FUTURE CUMULATIVE GHG EMISSIONS ASSOCIATED WITH CATTLE RANCHING IN BRAZIL? THE PROJECT WILL SUPPORT THE FIRST ROBUST FIELD-BASED ESTIMATE OF GREENHOUSE GAS (CH4 AND CO2) EMISSIONS FROM SMALL TROPICAL RESERVOIRS ( ($651) 1/5/21 5 OVER THE LAST TWO DECADES, GROWING GLOBAL DEMAND FOR BEEF AND COMMODITY CROPS HAS INCREASED PRESSURE ON BRAZIL S NATIVE ECOSYSTEMS, PARTICULARLY THE FORESTS (AMAZON) AND SAVANNAS (CERRADO) THAT STRADDLE THE AGRICULTURAL FRONTIER. MEANWHILE, MOUNTING PRESSURE TO REDUCE AMAZON DEFORESTATION AND INCREASE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION HAS BROUGHT ABOUT A NEW PARADIGM OF CATTLE EXPANSION. THE NEW MODEL FOCUSES ON INCREASING PRODUCTION IN NON-FOREST REGIONS (E.G. THE CERRADO), PARTICULARLY IN ALREADY CLEARED PASTURELANDS THAT CAN ACCOMMODATE EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION WHILE AVOIDING FURTHER CLEARING. THESE SHIFTING INCENTIVES HAVE TRIGGERED RAPID LAND-USE CHANGES IN BRAZIL S AGRICULTURAL FRONTIER AND DRAMATIC SHIFTS IN THE ASSOCIATED GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) EMISSIONS SINCE THE TURN OF THE CENTURY. TODAY CATTLE RANCHING IS THE SINGLE LARGEST SOURCE OF GHG EMISSIONS IN BRAZIL, BUT EXISTING ESTIMATES ARE ROUGH. DESPITE RESEARCH EFFORTS TO QUANTIFY GHG EMISSIONS FROM CATTLE RANCHING, SEVERAL IMPORTANT KNOWLEDGE GAPS REMAIN. FIRST, THERE IS A LACK OF SPATIALLY CONSISTENT ANNUAL DATA ON PASTURE EXTENT, PARTICULARLY IN THE BRAZILIAN CERRADO. SECOND, MOST ESTIMATES OF GHG EMISSIONS FROM RANCHING IGNORE A POTENTIALLY LARGE SOURCE OF GHGS THE HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF SMALL RESERVOIRS SCATTERED ACROSS BRAZIL S RANGELANDS TO PROVIDE DRINKING WATER FOR CATTLE. THIRD, WE KNOW LITTLE ABOUT HOW PASTURE DYNAMICS ARE CHANGING IN THE LANDSCAPE AND HOW THAT INTERACTS WITH RESERVOIR ABUNDANCE. THE PROPOSED PROJECT WILL ADDRESS THESE GAPS USING A COMBINATION OF FIELD MEASUREMENTS, REMOTE SENSING, AND MODELING TO ANSWER THE FOLLOWING KEY QUESTIONS: (1) HOW HAVE RECENT LAND-USE TRANSITIONS AFFECTED THE DISTRIBUTION AND INTENSIFICATION OF CATTLE PRODUCTION IN BRAZIL S AGRICULTURAL FRONTIER? (2) WHAT ARE THE INDIVIDUAL AND CUMULATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS OF AGRICULTURAL RESERVOIRS TO BRAZIL S CARBON BUDGET? (3) WHAT ARE THE CURRENT AND POTENTIAL FUTURE CUMULATIVE GHG EMISSIONS ASSOCIATED WITH CATTLE RANCHING IN BRAZIL? THE PROJECT WILL SUPPORT THE FIRST ROBUST FIELD-BASED ESTIMATE OF GREENHOUSE GAS (CH4 AND CO2) EMISSIONS FROM SMALL TROPICAL RESERVOIRS ( Funding Only Action ($651) 1/5/21 4 OVER THE LAST TWO DECADES, GROWING GLOBAL DEMAND FOR BEEF AND COMMODITY CROPS HAS INCREASED PRESSURE ON BRAZIL S NATIVE ECOSYSTEMS, PARTICULARLY THE FORESTS (AMAZON) AND SAVANNAS (CERRADO) THAT STRADDLE THE AGRICULTURAL FRONTIER. MEANWHILE, MOUNTING PRESSURE TO REDUCE AMAZON DEFORESTATION AND INCREASE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION HAS BROUGHT ABOUT A NEW PARADIGM OF CATTLE EXPANSION. THE NEW MODEL FOCUSES ON INCREASING PRODUCTION IN NON-FOREST REGIONS (E.G. THE CERRADO), PARTICULARLY IN ALREADY CLEARED PASTURELANDS THAT CAN ACCOMMODATE EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION WHILE AVOIDING FURTHER CLEARING. THESE SHIFTING INCENTIVES HAVE TRIGGERED RAPID LAND-USE CHANGES IN BRAZIL S AGRICULTURAL FRONTIER AND DRAMATIC SHIFTS IN THE ASSOCIATED GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) EMISSIONS SINCE THE TURN OF THE CENTURY. TODAY CATTLE RANCHING IS THE SINGLE LARGEST SOURCE OF GHG EMISSIONS IN BRAZIL, BUT EXISTING ESTIMATES ARE ROUGH. DESPITE RESEARCH EFFORTS TO QUANTIFY GHG EMISSIONS FROM CATTLE RANCHING, SEVERAL IMPORTANT KNOWLEDGE GAPS REMAIN. FIRST, THERE IS A LACK OF SPATIALLY CONSISTENT ANNUAL DATA ON PASTURE EXTENT, PARTICULARLY IN THE BRAZILIAN CERRADO. SECOND, MOST ESTIMATES OF GHG EMISSIONS FROM RANCHING IGNORE A POTENTIALLY LARGE SOURCE OF GHGS THE HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF SMALL RESERVOIRS SCATTERED ACROSS BRAZIL S RANGELANDS TO PROVIDE DRINKING WATER FOR CATTLE. THIRD, WE KNOW LITTLE ABOUT HOW PASTURE DYNAMICS ARE CHANGING IN THE LANDSCAPE AND HOW THAT INTERACTS WITH RESERVOIR ABUNDANCE. THE PROPOSED PROJECT WILL ADDRESS THESE GAPS USING A COMBINATION OF FIELD MEASUREMENTS, REMOTE SENSING, AND MODELING TO ANSWER THE FOLLOWING KEY QUESTIONS: (1) HOW HAVE RECENT LAND-USE TRANSITIONS AFFECTED THE DISTRIBUTION AND INTENSIFICATION OF CATTLE PRODUCTION IN BRAZIL S AGRICULTURAL FRONTIER? (2) WHAT ARE THE INDIVIDUAL AND CUMULATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS OF AGRICULTURAL RESERVOIRS TO BRAZIL S CARBON BUDGET? (3) WHAT ARE THE CURRENT AND POTENTIAL FUTURE CUMULATIVE GHG EMISSIONS ASSOCIATED WITH CATTLE RANCHING IN BRAZIL? THE PROJECT WILL SUPPORT THE FIRST ROBUST FIELD-BASED ESTIMATE OF GREENHOUSE GAS (CH4 AND CO2) EMISSIONS FROM SMALL TROPICAL RESERVOIRS ( Other Administrative Action $0 4/24/19 Not listed OVER THE LAST TWO DECADES GROWING GLOBAL DEMAND FOR BEEF AND COMMODITY CROPS HAS INCREASED PRESSURE ON BRAZIL S NATIVE ECOSYSTEMS PARTICULARLY THE FORESTS (AMAZON) AND SAVANNAS (CERRADO) THAT STRADDLE THE AGRICULTURAL FRONTIER. MEANWHILE MOUNTING PRESSURE TO REDUCE AMAZON DEFORESTATION AND INCREASE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION HAS BROUGHT ABOUT A NEW PARADIGM OF CATTLE EXPANSION. THE NEW MODEL FOCUSES ON INCREASING PRODUCTION IN NON-FOREST REGIONS (E.G. THE CERRADO) PARTICULARLY IN ALREADY CLEARED PASTURELANDS THAT CAN ACCOMMODATE EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION WHILE AVOIDING FURTHER CLEARING. THESE SHIFTING INCENTIVES HAVE TRIGGERED RAPID LAND-USE CHANGES IN BRAZIL S AGRICULTURAL FRONTIER AND DRAMATIC SHIFTS IN THE ASSOCIATED GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) EMISSIONS SINCE THE TURN OF THE CENTURY. TODAY CATTLE RANCHING IS THE SINGLE LARGEST SOURCE OF GHG EMISSIONS IN BRAZIL BUT EXISTING ESTIMATES ARE ROUGH. DESPITE RESEARCH EFFORTS TO QUANTIFY GHG EMISSIONS FROM CATTLE RANCHING SEVERAL IMPORTANT KNOWLEDGE GAPS REMAIN. FIRST THERE IS A LACK OF SPATIALLY CONSISTENT ANNUAL DATA ON PASTURE EXTENT PARTICULARLY IN THE BRAZILIAN CERRADO. SECOND MOST ESTIMATES OF GHG EMISSIONS FROM RANCHING IGNORE A POTENTIALLY LARGE SOURCE OF GHGS THE HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF SMALL RESERVOIRS SCATTERED ACROSS BRAZIL S RANGELANDS TO PROVIDE DRINKING WATER FOR CATTLE. THIRD WE KNOW LITTLE ABOUT HOW PASTURE DYNAMICS ARE CHANGING IN THE LANDSCAPE AND HOW THAT INTERACTS WITH RESERVOIR ABUNDANCE. THE PROPOSED PROJECT WILL ADDRESS THESE GAPS USING A COMBINATION OF FIELD MEASUREMENTS REMOTE SENSING AND MODELING TO ANSWER THE FOLLOWING KEY QUESTIONS: (1) HOW HAVE RECENT LAND-USE TRANSITIONS AFFECTED THE DISTRIBUTION AND INTENSIFICATION OF CATTLE PRODUCTION IN BRAZIL S AGRICULTURAL FRONTIER? (2) WHAT ARE THE INDIVIDUAL AND CUMULATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS OF AGRICULTURAL RESERVOIRS TO BRAZIL S CARBON BUDGET? (3) WHAT ARE THE CURRENT AND POTENTIAL FUTURE CUMULATIVE GHG EMISSIONS ASSOCIATED WITH CATTLE RANCHING IN BRAZIL? THE PROJECT WILL SUPPORT THE FIRST ROBUST FIELD-BASED ESTIMATE OF GREENHOUSE GAS (CH4 AND CO2) EMISSIONS FROM SMALL TROPICAL RESERVOIRS ( $0 4/24/19 S03 OVER THE LAST TWO DECADES, GROWING GLOBAL DEMAND FOR BEEF AND COMMODITY CROPS HAS INCREASED PRESSURE ON BRAZIL S NATIVE ECOSYSTEMS, PARTICULARLY THE FORESTS (AMAZON) AND SAVANNAS (CERRADO) THAT STRADDLE THE AGRICULTURAL FRONTIER. MEANWHILE, MOUNTING PRESSURE TO REDUCE AMAZON DEFORESTATION AND INCREASE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION HAS BROUGHT ABOUT A NEW PARADIGM OF CATTLE EXPANSION. THE NEW MODEL FOCUSES ON INCREASING PRODUCTION IN NON-FOREST REGIONS (E.G. THE CERRADO), PARTICULARLY IN ALREADY CLEARED PASTURELANDS THAT CAN ACCOMMODATE EXPANSION AND INTENSIFICATION WHILE AVOIDING FURTHER CLEARING. THESE SHIFTING INCENTIVES HAVE TRIGGERED RAPID LAND-USE CHANGES IN BRAZIL S AGRICULTURAL FRONTIER AND DRAMATIC SHIFTS IN THE ASSOCIATED GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) EMISSIONS SINCE THE TURN OF THE CENTURY. TODAY CATTLE RANCHING IS THE SINGLE LARGEST SOURCE OF GHG EMISSIONS IN BRAZIL, BUT EXISTING ESTIMATES ARE ROUGH. DESPITE RESEARCH EFFORTS TO QUANTIFY GHG EMISSIONS FROM CATTLE RANCHING, SEVERAL IMPORTANT KNOWLEDGE GAPS REMAIN. FIRST, THERE IS A LACK OF SPATIALLY CONSISTENT ANNUAL DATA ON PASTURE EXTENT, PARTICULARLY IN THE BRAZILIAN CERRADO. SECOND, MOST ESTIMATES OF GHG EMISSIONS FROM RANCHING IGNORE A POTENTIALLY LARGE SOURCE OF GHGS THE HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF SMALL RESERVOIRS SCATTERED ACROSS BRAZIL S RANGELANDS TO PROVIDE DRINKING WATER FOR CATTLE. THIRD, WE KNOW LITTLE ABOUT HOW PASTURE DYNAMICS ARE CHANGING IN THE LANDSCAPE AND HOW THAT INTERACTS WITH RESERVOIR ABUNDANCE. THE PROPOSED PROJECT WILL ADDRESS THESE GAPS USING A COMBINATION OF FIELD MEASUREMENTS, REMOTE SENSING, AND MODELING TO ANSWER THE FOLLOWING KEY QUESTIONS: (1) HOW HAVE RECENT LAND-USE TRANSITIONS AFFECTED THE DISTRIBUTION AND INTENSIFICATION OF CATTLE PRODUCTION IN BRAZIL S AGRICULTURAL FRONTIER? (2) WHAT ARE THE INDIVIDUAL AND CUMULATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS OF AGRICULTURAL RESERVOIRS TO BRAZIL S CARBON BUDGET? (3) WHAT ARE THE CURRENT AND POTENTIAL FUTURE CUMULATIVE GHG EMISSIONS ASSOCIATED WITH CATTLE RANCHING IN BRAZIL? THE PROJECT WILL SUPPORT THE FIRST ROBUST FIELD-BASED ESTIMATE OF GREENHOUSE GAS (CH4 AND CO2) EMISSIONS FROM SMALL TROPICAL RESERVOIRS ( Funding Only Action $86.4k 7/27/18