Not listed THE IONOSPHERE OF MARS IS A PARTIALLY-IONIZED ATMOSPHERE WITH THE MAXIMUM ELECTRON DENSITY (NMAX) BEING LESS THAN ONE-MILLIONTH THE NEUTRAL DENSITY. SUCH A TENUOUS PLASMA RESULTS IN THE IONOSPHERE BEING A HIGHLY SENSITIVE SYSTEM RESPONSE FUNCTION TO THE BROAD SPECTRUM OF PHYSICAL PROCESSES THAT CREATE MODIFY OR REMOVE PLASMA. THESE INCLUDE SOLAR-PRODUCTION CHEMICAL LOSS AND A HOST OF DYNAMICAL MECHANISMS (E.G. PLASMA DIFFUSION NEUTRAL WIND-INDUCED MOTIONS WAVE/TIDAL MOTIONS UPWARD ESCAPE AND SOLAR WIND CAPTURE). MOST OF THE IONOSPHERIC PLASMA AT MARS IS FOUND AT HEIGHTS ABOVE THE ALTITUDE OF NMAX (H>~130 KM) WHERE THE ELECTRON DENSITY DECREASES EXPONENTIALLY ULTIMATELY BEING SWEPT AWAY BY THE SOLAR WIND AT ~400 KM. THE NASA MAVEN MISSION WILL STUDY ATMOSPHERIC ESCAPE AND FUNDAMENTAL TO THAT PROCESS IS THE REMOVAL OF THE TOPSIDE IONOSPHERE. THE PARAMETER THAT DESCRIBES THE FULL INVENTORY OF IONOSPHERIC PLASMA IS CALLED THE TOTAL ELECTRON CONTENT (TEC) DEFINED AS THE INTEGRAL OF THE ELECTRON DENSITY PROFILE TEC INTEGRAL NE(H) DH. MAVEN WILL NOT MEASURE TEC VALUES BUT RATHER THE ELECTRON AND ION DENSITIES AT HEIGHTS ALONG ITS ELLIPTICAL ORBIT. PLACING MAVEN OBSERVATIONS INTO THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL TEC PATTERNS BOTH ADVANCES MAVEN SCIENCE YIELD AND SERVES AS VALIDATIONS OF HOW TEC CAN BE CHARACTERIZED. TWO SATELLITES CURRENTLY IN ORBIT AROUND MARS MAKE TEC OBSERVATIONS NASA S SHARAD SYSTEM ONBOARD THE MARS RECONNAISSANCE ORBITER (MRO) AND ESA S MARSIS INSTRUMENT ON THE MARS EXPRESS (MEX) SATELLITE. IN BOTH CASES TEC IS COMPUTED AS A CORRECTION TERM FOR RADAR POSITIONAL INFORMATION OF SURFACE AND SUB-SURFACE TARGETS. THE RADAR RADIO WAVES ARE AFFECTED BY THE TEC ALONG THE DOWNWARD AND RETURN RAY-PATHS WITH SIGNAL RETARDATION GIVING AN ERROR TO RANGE VALUES. GIVEN THAT THE IONOSPHERE CHANGES WITH SOLAR ZENITH ANGLE LATITUDE AND SOLAR CONDITIONS EACH AND EVERY RADAR SIGNAL HAS TO BE CORRECTED FOR THE IONOSPHERE ENCOUNTERED. THESE RANGE ERROR CORRECTIONS TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT FOR CORRECT GEOLOGICAL STUDIES BECOME A VALUABLE DATABASE TO IONOSPHERIC RESEARCHERS. THIS PROPOSAL OFFERS A WAY TO USE THE REMARKABLY LARGE DATABASES OF TEC DATA THAT ARE ARCHIVED ON THE NASA PDS SYSTEM FROM THE MRO S SHARAD RADAR EXPERIMENT AND THE EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY S PUBLIC ARCHIVE FOR THE MARS EXPRESS MARSIS EXPERIMENT. PILOT STUDIES USING SUCH DATA HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED BY THE PI AND HIS COLLEAGUES AND THE PROPOSED INVESTIGATIONS WILL BUILD UPON THESE EXPERIENCES USING THE FAR LARGER DATA SETS NOW AVAILABLE. PARTICULAR ATTENTION WILL BE GIVEN TO (1) OBSERVATIONS ABOVE REGIONS WITH STRONG CRUSTAL MAGNETIC FIELDS AND (2) DAYS WHEN BOTH SATELLITES (MRO AND MEX) MAKE OBSERVATION ABOVE DIFFERENT LOCATIONS ON THE PLANET. $0 5/3/18 3 THE IONOSPHERE OF MARS IS A PARTIALLY-IONIZED ATMOSPHERE WITH THE MAXIMUM ELECTRON DENSITY (NMAX) BEING LESS THAN ONE-MILLIONTH THE NEUTRAL DENSITY. SUCH A TENUOUS PLASMA RESULTS IN THE IONOSPHERE BEING A HIGHLY SENSITIVE SYSTEM RESPONSE FUNCTION TO THE BROAD SPECTRUM OF PHYSICAL PROCESSES THAT CREATE, MODIFY OR REMOVE PLASMA. THESE INCLUDE SOLAR-PRODUCTION, CHEMICAL LOSS, AND A HOST OF DYNAMICAL MECHANISMS (E.G., PLASMA DIFFUSION, NEUTRAL WIND-INDUCED MOTIONS, WAVE/TIDAL MOTIONS, UPWARD ESCAPE, AND SOLAR WIND CAPTURE). MOST OF THE IONOSPHERIC PLASMA AT MARS IS FOUND AT HEIGHTS ABOVE THE ALTITUDE OF NMAX (H>~130 KM) WHERE THE ELECTRON DENSITY DECREASES EXPONENTIALLY ULTIMATELY BEING SWEPT AWAY BY THE SOLAR WIND AT ~400 KM. THE NASA MAVEN MISSION WILL STUDY ATMOSPHERIC ESCAPE AND FUNDAMENTAL TO THAT PROCESS IS THE REMOVAL OF THE TOPSIDE IONOSPHERE. THE PARAMETER THAT DESCRIBES THE FULL INVENTORY OF IONOSPHERIC PLASMA IS CALLED THE TOTAL ELECTRON CONTENT (TEC), DEFINED AS THE INTEGRAL OF THE ELECTRON DENSITY PROFILE, TEC INTEGRAL NE(H) DH. MAVEN WILL NOT MEASURE TEC VALUES, BUT RATHER THE ELECTRON AND ION DENSITIES AT HEIGHTS ALONG ITS ELLIPTICAL ORBIT. PLACING MAVEN OBSERVATIONS INTO THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL TEC PATTERNS BOTH ADVANCES MAVEN SCIENCE YIELD AND SERVES AS VALIDATIONS OF HOW TEC CAN BE CHARACTERIZED. TWO SATELLITES CURRENTLY IN ORBIT AROUND MARS MAKE TEC OBSERVATIONS NASA S SHARAD SYSTEM ONBOARD THE MARS RECONNAISSANCE ORBITER (MRO) AND ESA S MARSIS INSTRUMENT ON THE MARS EXPRESS (MEX) SATELLITE. IN BOTH CASES, TEC IS COMPUTED AS A CORRECTION TERM FOR RADAR POSITIONAL INFORMATION OF SURFACE AND SUB-SURFACE TARGETS. THE RADAR RADIO WAVES ARE AFFECTED BY THE TEC ALONG THE DOWNWARD AND RETURN RAY-PATHS, WITH SIGNAL RETARDATION GIVING AN ERROR TO RANGE VALUES. GIVEN THAT THE IONOSPHERE CHANGES WITH SOLAR ZENITH ANGLE, LATITUDE AND SOLAR CONDITIONS, EACH AND EVERY RADAR SIGNAL HAS TO BE CORRECTED FOR THE IONOSPHERE ENCOUNTERED. THESE RANGE ERROR CORRECTIONS TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT FOR CORRECT GEOLOGICAL STUDIES BECOME A VALUABLE DATABASE TO IONOSPHERIC RESEARCHERS. THIS PROPOSAL OFFERS A WAY TO USE THE REMARKABLY LARGE DATABASES OF TEC DATA THAT ARE ARCHIVED ON THE NASA PDS SYSTEM FROM THE MRO S SHARAD RADAR EXPERIMENT, AND THE EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY S PUBLIC ARCHIVE FOR THE MARS EXPRESS MARSIS EXPERIMENT. PILOT STUDIES USING SUCH DATA HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED BY THE PI AND HIS COLLEAGUES, AND THE PROPOSED INVESTIGATIONS WILL BUILD UPON THESE EXPERIENCES USING THE FAR LARGER DATA SETS NOW AVAILABLE. PARTICULAR ATTENTION WILL BE GIVEN TO (1) OBSERVATIONS ABOVE REGIONS WITH STRONG CRUSTAL MAGNETIC FIELDS, AND (2) DAYS WHEN BOTH SATELLITES (MRO AND MEX) MAKE OBSERVATION ABOVE DIFFERENT LOCATIONS ON THE PLANET. Other Administrative Action $0 5/3/18 Not listed THE IONOSPHERE OF MARS IS A PARTIALLY-IONIZED ATMOSPHERE WITH THE MAXIMUM ELECTRON DENSITY (NMAX) BEING LESS THAN ONE-MILLIONTH THE NEUTRAL DENSITY. SUCH A TENUOUS PLASMA RESULTS IN THE IONOSPHERE BEING A HIGHLY SENSITIVE SYSTEM RESPONSE FUNCTION TO THE BROAD SPECTRUM OF PHYSICAL PROCESSES THAT CREATE MODIFY OR REMOVE PLASMA. THESE INCLUDE SOLAR-PRODUCTION CHEMICAL LOSS AND A HOST OF DYNAMICAL MECHANISMS (E.G. PLASMA DIFFUSION NEUTRAL WIND-INDUCED MOTIONS WAVE/TIDAL MOTIONS UPWARD ESCAPE AND SOLAR WIND CAPTURE). MOST OF THE IONOSPHERIC PLASMA AT MARS IS FOUND AT HEIGHTS ABOVE THE ALTITUDE OF NMAX (H>~130 KM) WHERE THE ELECTRON DENSITY DECREASES EXPONENTIALLY ULTIMATELY BEING SWEPT AWAY BY THE SOLAR WIND AT ~400 KM. THE NASA MAVEN MISSION WILL STUDY ATMOSPHERIC ESCAPE AND FUNDAMENTAL TO THAT PROCESS IS THE REMOVAL OF THE TOPSIDE IONOSPHERE. THE PARAMETER THAT DESCRIBES THE FULL INVENTORY OF IONOSPHERIC PLASMA IS CALLED THE TOTAL ELECTRON CONTENT (TEC) DEFINED AS THE INTEGRAL OF THE ELECTRON DENSITY PROFILE TEC = INTEGRAL NE(H) DH. MAVEN WILL NOT MEASURE TEC VALUES BUT RATHER THE ELECTRON AND ION DENSITIES AT HEIGHTS ALONG ITS ELLIPTICAL ORBIT. PLACING MAVEN OBSERVATIONS INTO THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL TEC PATTERNS BOTH ADVANCES MAVEN SCIENCE YIELD AND SERVES AS VALIDATIONS OF HOW TEC CAN BE CHARACTERIZED. TWO SATELLITES CURRENTLY IN ORBIT AROUND MARS MAKE TEC OBSERVATIONS NASA S SHARAD SYSTEM ONBOARD THE MARS RECONNAISSANCE ORBITER (MRO) AND ESA S MARSIS INSTRUMENT ON THE MARS EXPRESS (MEX) SATELLITE. IN BOTH CASES TEC IS COMPUTED AS A CORRECTION TERM FOR RADAR POSITIONAL INFORMATION OF SURFACE AND SUB-SURFACE TARGETS. THE RADAR RADIO WAVES ARE AFFECTED BY THE TEC ALONG THE DOWNWARD AND RETURN RAY-PATHS WITH SIGNAL RETARDATION GIVING AN ERROR TO RANGE VALUES. GIVEN THAT THE IONOSPHERE CHANGES WITH SOLAR ZENITH ANGLE LATITUDE AND SOLAR CONDITIONS EACH AND EVERY RADAR SIGNAL HAS TO BE CORRECTED FOR THE IONOSPHERE ENCOUNTERED. THESE RANGE ERROR CORRECTIONS TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT FOR CORRECT GEOLOGICAL STUDIES BECOME A VALUABLE DATABASE TO IONOSPHERIC RESEARCHERS. THIS PROPOSAL OFFERS A WAY TO USE THE REMARKABLY LARGE DATABASES OF TEC DATA THAT ARE ARCHIVED ON THE NASA PDS SYSTEM FROM THE MRO S SHARAD RADAR EXPERIMENT AND THE EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY S PUBLIC ARCHIVE FOR THE MARS EXPRESS MARSIS EXPERIMENT. PILOT STUDIES USING SUCH DATA HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED BY THE PI AND HIS COLLEAGUES AND THE PROPOSED INVESTIGATIONS WILL BUILD UPON THESE EXPERIENCES USING THE FAR LARGER DATA SETS NOW AVAILABLE. PARTICULAR ATTENTION WILL BE GIVEN TO (1) OBSERVATIONS ABOVE REGIONS WITH STRONG CRUSTAL MAGNETIC FIELDS AND (2) DAYS WHEN BOTH SATELLITES (MRO AND MEX) MAKE OBSERVATION ABOVE DIFFERENT LOCATIONS ON THE PLANET. $121.1k 9/25/17 2 THE IONOSPHERE OF MARS IS A PARTIALLY-IONIZED ATMOSPHERE WITH THE MAXIMUM ELECTRON DENSITY (NMAX) BEING LESS THAN ONE-MILLIONTH THE NEUTRAL DENSITY. SUCH A TENUOUS PLASMA RESULTS IN THE IONOSPHERE BEING A HIGHLY SENSITIVE SYSTEM RESPONSE FUNCTION TO THE BROAD SPECTRUM OF PHYSICAL PROCESSES THAT CREATE, MODIFY OR REMOVE PLASMA. THESE INCLUDE SOLAR-PRODUCTION, CHEMICAL LOSS, AND A HOST OF DYNAMICAL MECHANISMS (E.G., PLASMA DIFFUSION, NEUTRAL WIND-INDUCED MOTIONS, WAVE/TIDAL MOTIONS, UPWARD ESCAPE, AND SOLAR WIND CAPTURE). MOST OF THE IONOSPHERIC PLASMA AT MARS IS FOUND AT HEIGHTS ABOVE THE ALTITUDE OF NMAX (H>~130 KM) WHERE THE ELECTRON DENSITY DECREASES EXPONENTIALLY ULTIMATELY BEING SWEPT AWAY BY THE SOLAR WIND AT ~400 KM. THE NASA MAVEN MISSION WILL STUDY ATMOSPHERIC ESCAPE AND FUNDAMENTAL TO THAT PROCESS IS THE REMOVAL OF THE TOPSIDE IONOSPHERE. THE PARAMETER THAT DESCRIBES THE FULL INVENTORY OF IONOSPHERIC PLASMA IS CALLED THE TOTAL ELECTRON CONTENT (TEC), DEFINED AS THE INTEGRAL OF THE ELECTRON DENSITY PROFILE, TEC = INTEGRAL NE(H) DH. MAVEN WILL NOT MEASURE TEC VALUES, BUT RATHER THE ELECTRON AND ION DENSITIES AT HEIGHTS ALONG ITS ELLIPTICAL ORBIT. PLACING MAVEN OBSERVATIONS INTO THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL TEC PATTERNS BOTH ADVANCES MAVEN SCIENCE YIELD AND SERVES AS VALIDATIONS OF HOW TEC CAN BE CHARACTERIZED. TWO SATELLITES CURRENTLY IN ORBIT AROUND MARS MAKE TEC OBSERVATIONS NASA S SHARAD SYSTEM ONBOARD THE MARS RECONNAISSANCE ORBITER (MRO) AND ESA S MARSIS INSTRUMENT ON THE MARS EXPRESS (MEX) SATELLITE. IN BOTH CASES, TEC IS COMPUTED AS A CORRECTION TERM FOR RADAR POSITIONAL INFORMATION OF SURFACE AND SUB-SURFACE TARGETS. THE RADAR RADIO WAVES ARE AFFECTED BY THE TEC ALONG THE DOWNWARD AND RETURN RAY-PATHS, WITH SIGNAL RETARDATION GIVING AN ERROR TO RANGE VALUES. GIVEN THAT THE IONOSPHERE CHANGES WITH SOLAR ZENITH ANGLE, LATITUDE AND SOLAR CONDITIONS, EACH AND EVERY RADAR SIGNAL HAS TO BE CORRECTED FOR THE IONOSPHERE ENCOUNTERED. THESE RANGE ERROR CORRECTIONS TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT FOR CORRECT GEOLOGICAL STUDIES BECOME A VALUABLE DATABASE TO IONOSPHERIC RESEARCHERS. THIS PROPOSAL OFFERS A WAY TO USE THE REMARKABLY LARGE DATABASES OF TEC DATA THAT ARE ARCHIVED ON THE NASA PDS SYSTEM FROM THE MRO S SHARAD RADAR EXPERIMENT, AND THE EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY S PUBLIC ARCHIVE FOR THE MARS EXPRESS MARSIS EXPERIMENT. PILOT STUDIES USING SUCH DATA HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED BY THE PI AND HIS COLLEAGUES, AND THE PROPOSED INVESTIGATIONS WILL BUILD UPON THESE EXPERIENCES USING THE FAR LARGER DATA SETS NOW AVAILABLE. PARTICULAR ATTENTION WILL BE GIVEN TO (1) OBSERVATIONS ABOVE REGIONS WITH STRONG CRUSTAL MAGNETIC FIELDS, AND (2) DAYS WHEN BOTH SATELLITES (MRO AND MEX) MAKE OBSERVATION ABOVE DIFFERENT LOCATIONS ON THE PLANET. Funding Only Action $121.1k 9/25/17 1 THE IONOSPHERE OF MARS IS A PARTIALLY-IONIZED ATMOSPHERE WITH THE MAXIMUM ELECTRON DENSITY (NMAX) BEING LESS THAN ONE-MILLIONTH THE NEUTRAL DENSITY. SUCH A TENUOUS PLASMA RESULTS IN THE IONOSPHERE BEING A HIGHLY SENSITIVE SYSTEM RESPONSE FUNCTION TO THE BROAD SPECTRUM OF PHYSICAL PROCESSES THAT CREATE, MODIFY OR REMOVE PLASMA. THESE INCLUDE SOLAR-PRODUCTION, CHEMICAL LOSS, AND A HOST OF DYNAMICAL MECHANISMS (E.G., PLASMA DIFFUSION, NEUTRAL WIND-INDUCED MOTIONS, WAVE/TIDAL MOTIONS, UPWARD ESCAPE, AND SOLAR WIND CAPTURE). MOST OF THE IONOSPHERIC PLASMA AT MARS IS FOUND AT HEIGHTS ABOVE THE ALTITUDE OF NMAX (H>~130 KM) WHERE THE ELECTRON DENSITY DECREASES EXPONENTIALLY ULTIMATELY BEING SWEPT AWAY BY THE SOLAR WIND AT ~400 KM. THE NASA MAVEN MISSION WILL STUDY ATMOSPHERIC ESCAPE AND FUNDAMENTAL TO THAT PROCESS IS THE REMOVAL OF THE TOPSIDE IONOSPHERE. THE PARAMETER THAT DESCRIBES THE FULL INVENTORY OF IONOSPHERIC PLASMA IS CALLED THE TOTAL ELECTRON CONTENT (TEC), DEFINED AS THE INTEGRAL OF THE ELECTRON DENSITY PROFILE, TEC = INTEGRAL NE(H) DH. MAVEN WILL NOT MEASURE TEC VALUES, BUT RATHER THE ELECTRON AND ION DENSITIES AT HEIGHTS ALONG ITS ELLIPTICAL ORBIT. PLACING MAVEN OBSERVATIONS INTO THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL TEC PATTERNS BOTH ADVANCES MAVEN SCIENCE YIELD AND SERVES AS VALIDATIONS OF HOW TEC CAN BE CHARACTERIZED. TWO SATELLITES CURRENTLY IN ORBIT AROUND MARS MAKE TEC OBSERVATIONS NASA S SHARAD SYSTEM ONBOARD THE MARS RECONNAISSANCE ORBITER (MRO) AND ESA S MARSIS INSTRUMENT ON THE MARS EXPRESS (MEX) SATELLITE. IN BOTH CASES, TEC IS COMPUTED AS A CORRECTION TERM FOR RADAR POSITIONAL INFORMATION OF SURFACE AND SUB-SURFACE TARGETS. THE RADAR RADIO WAVES ARE AFFECTED BY THE TEC ALONG THE DOWNWARD AND RETURN RAY-PATHS, WITH SIGNAL RETARDATION GIVING AN ERROR TO RANGE VALUES. GIVEN THAT THE IONOSPHERE CHANGES WITH SOLAR ZENITH ANGLE, LATITUDE AND SOLAR CONDITIONS, EACH AND EVERY RADAR SIGNAL HAS TO BE CORRECTED FOR THE IONOSPHERE ENCOUNTERED. THESE RANGE ERROR CORRECTIONS TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT FOR CORRECT GEOLOGICAL STUDIES BECOME A VALUABLE DATABASE TO IONOSPHERIC RESEARCHERS. THIS PROPOSAL OFFERS A WAY TO USE THE REMARKABLY LARGE DATABASES OF TEC DATA THAT ARE ARCHIVED ON THE NASA PDS SYSTEM FROM THE MRO S SHARAD RADAR EXPERIMENT, AND THE EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY S PUBLIC ARCHIVE FOR THE MARS EXPRESS MARSIS EXPERIMENT. PILOT STUDIES USING SUCH DATA HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED BY THE PI AND HIS COLLEAGUES, AND THE PROPOSED INVESTIGATIONS WILL BUILD UPON THESE EXPERIENCES USING THE FAR LARGER DATA SETS NOW AVAILABLE. PARTICULAR ATTENTION WILL BE GIVEN TO (1) OBSERVATIONS ABOVE REGIONS WITH STRONG CRUSTAL MAGNETIC FIELDS, AND (2) DAYS WHEN BOTH SATELLITES (MRO AND MEX) MAKE OBSERVATION ABOVE DIFFERENT LOCATIONS ON THE PLANET. Funding Only Action $117.9k 6/27/16