Not listed ONE OF THE ENDURING QUESTIONS FROM THE APOLLO ERA IS THE ORIGIN OF LUNAR MAGNETIC FIELDS. WHILE THE MOON PRESENTLY HAS NO GLOBAL MAGNETIC FIELD MANY OF ITS ROCK SAMPLES AND NUMEROUS PORTIONS OF THE CRUST ARE MAGNETIZED. RECENTLY A NUMBER OF PALEOMAGNETISM STUDIES HAVE USED APOLLO SAMPLES TO ELUCIDATE THE HISTORY OF THE DYNAMO FROM 4.2 TO 3.6 GA. HOWEVER WITH ONE EXCEPTION ALL OF THESE STUDIES HAVE USED ROOM-TEMPERATURE TECHNIQUES TO INFER THE EXISTENCE OF THERMAL REMANENT MAGNETIZATION IN THE SAMPLES. IDEALLY THERMAL DEMAGNETIZATION WOULD BE USED TO STUDY THESE SAMPLES BECAUSE IT UTILIZES THE SAME MECHANISM BY WHICH THE SAMPLE ACQUIRED ITS REMANENCE. UNFORTUNATELY THERE HAVE BEEN VERY FEW SUCCESSFUL HEATING EXPERIMENTS WITH LUNAR SAMPLES LARGELY BECAUSE THE SAMPLES EITHER REDUCE OR OXIDIZE AND LOSE THEIR MAGNETIC RECORDINGS. VERY RECENTLY STEPS HAVE BEEN TAKEN TO ALLEVIATE THE DEGREE OF OXIDATION BY CONTROLLING THE EXPERIMENT ATMOSPHERE. THESE EXPERIMENTS USE A CO2-H2 BUFFER TO REGULATE THE OXYGEN FUGACITY AND HAVE DEMONSTRATED GOOD PERFORMANCE IN DEMAGNETIZING LUNAR SAMPLE ANALOGS. AS WITH MOST HEATING PROTOCOLS THIS TECHNIQUE REQUIRES MEASURING THE SAMPLE REMANENCE BETWEEN HEATING AND COOLING STEPS. HOWEVER ANOTHER METHOD HAS RECENTLY PROVEN SUCCESSFUL IN HELPING TO CONTROL THE OXIDATION OF SAMPLES DURING HEATING. THIS METHOD USES A NEW INSTRUMENT CALLED A TRIAXE TO MEASURE THE SAMPLE IN REAL-TIME WHILE HEATING IT CONSIDERABLY SHORTENING THE TOTAL HEATING TIME. THIS METHOD HAS ALREADY PROVEN ITSELF IN SUPPRESSING OXIDATION OF TITANOMAGNETITE AND INVERSION OF TITANOMAGHEMITE IN SAMPLES OF STEENS MOUNTAIN TERRESTRIAL BASALT. THE GOAL OF THIS PROPOSAL IS TO HELP EXPLAIN THE ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF LUNAR MAGNETISM BY IMPROVING OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE REMANENCE CHARACTERISTICS OF LUNAR SAMPLES. THE FIRST OBJECTIVE IS TO DETERMINE IF THE TRIAXE SYSTEM CAN ALLEVIATE SAMPLE ALTERATION AND/OR OXIDATION BY DECREASING THE TOTAL HEATING TIME USING A SET OF LUNAR SAMPLE ANALOGS AND/OR METEORITES. THE SECOND OBJECTIVE IS TO COMPARE THE RESULTS WITH TRADITIONAL HEATING EXPERIMENTS IN AIR TO DETERMINE THE EXTENT OF ALTERATION. IN PARTICULAR WE ARE INTERESTED IN NOT JUST OXIDATION BUT OTHER TIME-TEMPERATURE EFFECTS INDEPENDENT OF THE EXPERIMENT ATMOSPHERE SUCH AS SOLID-STATE PHASE TRANSITIONS AND MAGNETOSTATIC INTERACTIONS IN TROILITE AND KAMACITE/MARTENSITE/TAENITE. THE THIRD OBJECTIVE WILL BE TO USE THE METHOD ON WELL CHARACTERIZED APOLLO SAMPLES IF THE RESULTS ARE PROMISING. WE WILL THERMALLY DEMAGNETIZE LUNAR SAMPLE ANALOGS (TWO METEORITES) WITH THE CONVENTIONAL OVEN AT THE UC SANTA CRUZ PALEOMAGNETISM LABORATORY. WE WILL ALSO THERMALLY DEMAGNETIZE THE SAME SAMPLES USING THE TRIAXE SYSTEM WITH OUR COLLABORATORS AT THE IPGP IN PARIS FRANCE. WE WILL COMPARE THE DEMAGNETIZATION CHARACTERISTICS BETWEEN THE TWO METHODS AND INVESTIGATE THE ROCK MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF THE SAMPLES TO DETERMINE IF THERE IS EVIDENCE FOR THERMAL ALTERATION AND/OR OXIDATION. IF THE TECHNIQUE IS PROMISING WE WILL PERFORM THE SAME EXPERIMENTS ON A WELL-STUDIED LUNAR SAMPLE. THE INVESTIGATION DURATION WILL BE 2 YEARS AND SUPPORT ONE GRADUATE STUDENT. $0 8/14/17 2 ONE OF THE ENDURING QUESTIONS FROM THE APOLLO ERA IS THE ORIGIN OF LUNAR MAGNETIC FIELDS. WHILE THE MOON PRESENTLY HAS NO GLOBAL MAGNETIC FIELD, MANY OF ITS ROCK SAMPLES AND NUMEROUS PORTIONS OF THE CRUST ARE MAGNETIZED. RECENTLY, A NUMBER OF PALEOMAGNETISM STUDIES HAVE USED APOLLO SAMPLES TO ELUCIDATE THE HISTORY OF THE DYNAMO FROM 4.2 TO 3.6 GA. HOWEVER, WITH ONE EXCEPTION, ALL OF THESE STUDIES HAVE USED ROOM-TEMPERATURE TECHNIQUES TO INFER THE EXISTENCE OF THERMAL REMANENT MAGNETIZATION IN THE SAMPLES. IDEALLY, THERMAL DEMAGNETIZATION WOULD BE USED TO STUDY THESE SAMPLES BECAUSE IT UTILIZES THE SAME MECHANISM BY WHICH THE SAMPLE ACQUIRED ITS REMANENCE. UNFORTUNATELY, THERE HAVE BEEN VERY FEW SUCCESSFUL HEATING EXPERIMENTS WITH LUNAR SAMPLES, LARGELY BECAUSE THE SAMPLES EITHER REDUCE OR OXIDIZE AND LOSE THEIR MAGNETIC RECORDINGS. VERY RECENTLY, STEPS HAVE BEEN TAKEN TO ALLEVIATE THE DEGREE OF OXIDATION BY CONTROLLING THE EXPERIMENT ATMOSPHERE. THESE EXPERIMENTS USE A CO2-H2 BUFFER TO REGULATE THE OXYGEN FUGACITY, AND HAVE DEMONSTRATED GOOD PERFORMANCE IN DEMAGNETIZING LUNAR SAMPLE ANALOGS. AS WITH MOST HEATING PROTOCOLS, THIS TECHNIQUE REQUIRES MEASURING THE SAMPLE REMANENCE BETWEEN HEATING AND COOLING STEPS. HOWEVER, ANOTHER METHOD HAS RECENTLY PROVEN SUCCESSFUL IN HELPING TO CONTROL THE OXIDATION OF SAMPLES DURING HEATING. THIS METHOD USES A NEW INSTRUMENT, CALLED A TRIAXE, TO MEASURE THE SAMPLE IN REAL-TIME WHILE HEATING IT, CONSIDERABLY SHORTENING THE TOTAL HEATING TIME. THIS METHOD HAS ALREADY PROVEN ITSELF IN SUPPRESSING OXIDATION OF TITANOMAGNETITE AND INVERSION OF TITANOMAGHEMITE IN SAMPLES OF STEENS MOUNTAIN TERRESTRIAL BASALT. THE GOAL OF THIS PROPOSAL IS TO HELP EXPLAIN THE ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF LUNAR MAGNETISM, BY IMPROVING OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE REMANENCE CHARACTERISTICS OF LUNAR SAMPLES. THE FIRST OBJECTIVE IS TO DETERMINE IF THE TRIAXE SYSTEM CAN ALLEVIATE SAMPLE ALTERATION AND/OR OXIDATION BY DECREASING THE TOTAL HEATING TIME, USING A SET OF LUNAR SAMPLE ANALOGS AND/OR METEORITES. THE SECOND OBJECTIVE IS TO COMPARE THE RESULTS WITH TRADITIONAL HEATING EXPERIMENTS IN AIR, TO DETERMINE THE EXTENT OF ALTERATION. IN PARTICULAR, WE ARE INTERESTED IN NOT JUST OXIDATION, BUT OTHER TIME-TEMPERATURE EFFECTS INDEPENDENT OF THE EXPERIMENT ATMOSPHERE, SUCH AS SOLID-STATE PHASE TRANSITIONS AND MAGNETOSTATIC INTERACTIONS IN TROILITE AND KAMACITE/MARTENSITE/TAENITE. THE THIRD OBJECTIVE WILL BE TO USE THE METHOD ON WELL CHARACTERIZED APOLLO SAMPLES IF THE RESULTS ARE PROMISING. WE WILL THERMALLY DEMAGNETIZE LUNAR SAMPLE ANALOGS (TWO METEORITES) WITH THE CONVENTIONAL OVEN AT THE UC SANTA CRUZ PALEOMAGNETISM LABORATORY. WE WILL ALSO THERMALLY DEMAGNETIZE THE SAME SAMPLES USING THE TRIAXE SYSTEM WITH OUR COLLABORATORS AT THE IPGP IN PARIS, FRANCE. WE WILL COMPARE THE DEMAGNETIZATION CHARACTERISTICS BETWEEN THE TWO METHODS AND INVESTIGATE THE ROCK MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF THE SAMPLES TO DETERMINE IF THERE IS EVIDENCE FOR THERMAL ALTERATION AND/OR OXIDATION. IF THE TECHNIQUE IS PROMISING, WE WILL PERFORM THE SAME EXPERIMENTS ON A WELL-STUDIED LUNAR SAMPLE. THE INVESTIGATION DURATION WILL BE 2 YEARS AND SUPPORT ONE GRADUATE STUDENT. Other Administrative Action $0 8/14/17 1 ONE OF THE ENDURING QUESTIONS FROM THE APOLLO ERA IS THE ORIGIN OF LUNAR MAGNETIC FIELDS. WHILE THE MOON PRESENTLY HAS NO GLOBAL MAGNETIC FIELD, MANY OF ITS ROCK SAMPLES AND NUMEROUS PORTIONS OF THE CRUST ARE MAGNETIZED. RECENTLY, A NUMBER OF PALEOMAGNETISM STUDIES HAVE USED APOLLO SAMPLES TO ELUCIDATE THE HISTORY OF THE DYNAMO FROM 4.2 TO 3.6 GA. HOWEVER, WITH ONE EXCEPTION, ALL OF THESE STUDIES HAVE USED ROOM-TEMPERATURE TECHNIQUES TO INFER THE EXISTENCE OF THERMAL REMANENT MAGNETIZATION IN THE SAMPLES. IDEALLY, THERMAL DEMAGNETIZATION WOULD BE USED TO STUDY THESE SAMPLES BECAUSE IT UTILIZES THE SAME MECHANISM BY WHICH THE SAMPLE ACQUIRED ITS REMANENCE. UNFORTUNATELY, THERE HAVE BEEN VERY FEW SUCCESSFUL HEATING EXPERIMENTS WITH LUNAR SAMPLES, LARGELY BECAUSE THE SAMPLES EITHER REDUCE OR OXIDIZE AND LOSE THEIR MAGNETIC RECORDINGS. VERY RECENTLY, STEPS HAVE BEEN TAKEN TO ALLEVIATE THE DEGREE OF OXIDATION BY CONTROLLING THE EXPERIMENT ATMOSPHERE. THESE EXPERIMENTS USE A CO2-H2 BUFFER TO REGULATE THE OXYGEN FUGACITY, AND HAVE DEMONSTRATED GOOD PERFORMANCE IN DEMAGNETIZING LUNAR SAMPLE ANALOGS. AS WITH MOST HEATING PROTOCOLS, THIS TECHNIQUE REQUIRES MEASURING THE SAMPLE REMANENCE BETWEEN HEATING AND COOLING STEPS. HOWEVER, ANOTHER METHOD HAS RECENTLY PROVEN SUCCESSFUL IN HELPING TO CONTROL THE OXIDATION OF SAMPLES DURING HEATING. THIS METHOD USES A NEW INSTRUMENT, CALLED A TRIAXE, TO MEASURE THE SAMPLE IN REAL-TIME WHILE HEATING IT, CONSIDERABLY SHORTENING THE TOTAL HEATING TIME. THIS METHOD HAS ALREADY PROVEN ITSELF IN SUPPRESSING OXIDATION OF TITANOMAGNETITE AND INVERSION OF TITANOMAGHEMITE IN SAMPLES OF STEENS MOUNTAIN TERRESTRIAL BASALT. THE GOAL OF THIS PROPOSAL IS TO HELP EXPLAIN THE ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF LUNAR MAGNETISM, BY IMPROVING OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE REMANENCE CHARACTERISTICS OF LUNAR SAMPLES. THE FIRST OBJECTIVE IS TO DETERMINE IF THE TRIAXE SYSTEM CAN ALLEVIATE SAMPLE ALTERATION AND/OR OXIDATION BY DECREASING THE TOTAL HEATING TIME, USING A SET OF LUNAR SAMPLE ANALOGS AND/OR METEORITES. THE SECOND OBJECTIVE IS TO COMPARE THE RESULTS WITH TRADITIONAL HEATING EXPERIMENTS IN AIR, TO DETERMINE THE EXTENT OF ALTERATION. IN PARTICULAR, WE ARE INTERESTED IN NOT JUST OXIDATION, BUT OTHER TIME-TEMPERATURE EFFECTS INDEPENDENT OF THE EXPERIMENT ATMOSPHERE, SUCH AS SOLID-STATE PHASE TRANSITIONS AND MAGNETOSTATIC INTERACTIONS IN TROILITE AND KAMACITE/MARTENSITE/TAENITE. THE THIRD OBJECTIVE WILL BE TO USE THE METHOD ON WELL CHARACTERIZED APOLLO SAMPLES IF THE RESULTS ARE PROMISING. WE WILL THERMALLY DEMAGNETIZE LUNAR SAMPLE ANALOGS (TWO METEORITES) WITH THE CONVENTIONAL OVEN AT THE UC SANTA CRUZ PALEOMAGNETISM LABORATORY. WE WILL ALSO THERMALLY DEMAGNETIZE THE SAME SAMPLES USING THE TRIAXE SYSTEM WITH OUR COLLABORATORS AT THE IPGP IN PARIS, FRANCE. WE WILL COMPARE THE DEMAGNETIZATION CHARACTERISTICS BETWEEN THE TWO METHODS AND INVESTIGATE THE ROCK MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF THE SAMPLES TO DETERMINE IF THERE IS EVIDENCE FOR THERMAL ALTERATION AND/OR OXIDATION. IF THE TECHNIQUE IS PROMISING, WE WILL PERFORM THE SAME EXPERIMENTS ON A WELL-STUDIED LUNAR SAMPLE. THE INVESTIGATION DURATION WILL BE 2 YEARS AND SUPPORT ONE GRADUATE STUDENT. Funding Only Action $92.0k 11/25/16 Not listed ONE OF THE ENDURING QUESTIONS FROM THE APOLLO ERA IS THE ORIGIN OF LUNAR MAGNETIC FIELDS. WHILE THE MOON PRESENTLY HAS NO GLOBAL MAGNETIC FIELD, MANY $92.0k 11/25/16 Not listed ONE OF THE ENDURING QUESTIONS FROM THE APOLLO ERA IS THE ORIGIN OF LUNAR MAGNETIC FIELDS. WHILE THE MOON PRESENTLY HAS NO GLOBAL MAGNETIC FIELD, MANY $104.6k 4/6/15