Attachment J-5 Aerial Gunnery Procedures.pdf

BY ORDER OF THE

SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE

AIR FORCE INSTRUCTION 11-214

8 JULY 2020

Flying Operations

AIR OPERATIONS RULES AND

PROCEDURES

COMPLIANCE WITH THIS PUBLICATION IS MANDATORY

ACCESSIBILITY: Publications and forms are available on the e-Publishing website at www.e-publishing.af.mil for downloading or ordering.

RELEASABILITY: There are no releasability restrictions on this publication.

OPR: ACC/A3TW

Supersedes: AFI11-214, 14 August 2012

Certified by: AF/A3T

(Maj Gen James A. Jacobson)

Pages: 85

This instruction implements Air Force Instruction (AFI) 11-200, Aircrew Training, Standardization/Evaluation, and General Operations Structure, and provides rules and procedures for Air-to-Air and Air-to-Surface training. It applies to aircrew, Air Battle Managers

(ABM), Weapons Directors (WD), and Joint Terminal Attack Controllers (JTACs) training for the Air and Space Power functions listed in Air Force Doctrine, Volume 1, Basic Doctrine. This instruction applies to all civilian employees and uniformed members of the Regular Air Force, Air Force Reserve, and Air National Guard (Note: Air National Guard is being treated as a

Major Command (MAJCOM) for the purposes of this AFI). This instruction does not apply to

Undergraduate Pilot Training or Undergraduate Combat System Officer Training. Ensure that all records created as a result of processes prescribed in this publication are maintained in accordance with Air Force Instruction 33-322, Records Management and Information

Governance Program, and disposed of and in accordance with the Air Force Records

Information Management System Records Disposition Schedule. Refer recommended changes and questions about this publication through command channels to HQ ACC/A3TW

(acc.A3TW@us.af.mil) using the AF Form 847, Recommendation for Change of Publication.

This publication may be supplemented at any level, but all Supplements must be routed to the

OPR of this publication for coordination prior to certification and approval. The authorities to waive wing/unit level requirements in this publication are identified with a Tier (“T-0, T-1, T-2, T-3”) number following the compliance statement. See AFI 33-360, Publications and Forms

Management, for a description of the authorities associated with the Tier numbers. Tier 2 waivers in this document are delegable to the following: ACC/A3, 19AF/A3, AMC/A3, AFGSC/A3, ANG/A3, AFRC/A3, AFSOC/A3, PACAF/A3, and USAFE/A3. The waiver authority for un-tiered requirements in this document is the ACC/A3. Waiver requests should be http://www.e-publishing.af.mil/ mailto:acc.A3TW@us.af.mil

2 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

submitted through the chain of command to ACC/A3. The use of the name or mark of any specific manufacturer, commercial product, commodity, or service in this publication does not imply endorsement by the Air Force.

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

This document has been substantially revised and needs to be completely reviewed. Chapter contents have been updated throughout the document. Chapter 1 was revised to remove further

Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC) and Air Mobility Command (AMC) specific guidance in other publications. Operational guidance was removed from Chapter 2 and this AFI was refocused the on rules for training only. Surface-to-air threat reactions and general

Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC) training rules were added to Chapter 3. Chapter

4 was revised to; modify verbiage regarding air-air laser use, clarify IMC maneuvering for red-air (training aids) and blue air, and remove specific ranges in intercept procedures. Chapter 5 was changed to remove the term “heavyweight” and clarify the definitions of inert munitions and full-scale versus practice munitions. Guidance found in “CAS [Close Air Support] with IAMS

[Inertially Aided Munitions]” section was consolidated into overall IAMS guidance. ABORT cue guidance was simplified. A requirement of positively identifying friendly forces inside of a

Weapon Danger Zone (WDZ) was added. Restrictions on single ship air-to-ground operations was modified. The definitions from Air Force Manual (AFMAN) 11-202V3, as well as Air, Land, Sea Application (ALSA) Brevity, were aligned with Attachment 1. War call examples were corrected in Attachment 6.

Chapter 1—INTRODUCTION 5

1.1. General Information

1.2. Additional References. Attachment 1

1.3. Roles and Responsibilities

Chapter 2—GENERAL TRAINING PROCEDURES 6

2.1. General Information

2.2. Philosophy

2.3. Check-in and Check-out Procedures

2.4. Airspace Control

Table 2.1. The Continuum of Control

2.5. Scenario Changes

2.6. Exercises

2.7. General Air-to-Air Refueling Rules

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 3

Chapter 3—GENERAL TRAINING RULES 12

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Gravity (G)-Awareness Exercise

3.3. Briefing and Debriefing Requirements

3.4. Knock-It-Off (KIO) and Terminate Procedures

3.5. Communications Jamming Procedures

3.6. Chaff, Flare, and Smokey Devil Procedures

3.7. Low Altitude Training Rules

3.8. Night Training Rules

3.9. RPA Training Rules

3.10. General Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC) Training

Chapter 4—AIR-TO-AIR TRAINING RULES 19

4.1. Introduction

4.2. General Air-to-Air Training Rules

4.3. Bomber Aircraft Training Rules

4.4. Airlift Aircraft Training Rules

4.5. Tanker Aircraft Training Rules

4.6. Special Ops/Rescue Fixed-Wing Aircraft Training Rules

4.7. Helicopter Training Rules

4.8. Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) Training Rules

4.9. Air Defense and Low/Slow Visual Identification (VID) Procedures

4.10. Joint Air-to-Air Training Rules

Chapter 5—AIR-TO-SURFACE TRAINING 33

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Air-to-Surface Training Missions

5.3. Authorized Employment Patterns

5.4. Air-to-Surface Training Rules

5.5. Range Radio Procedures

5.6. Air to Ground Laser Employment

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5.7. Night Surface Attack Procedures

5.8. Live Ordnance Procedures

5.9. Operations with Naval Ships

5.10. Air Strike Control Procedures

5.11. Operations with JSTARS

Attachment 1—GLOSSARY OF REFERENCES AND SUPPORTING INFORMATION 48

Attachment 2—GENERAL COORDINATION AND BRIEFING GUIDE (USE FOR

FACE-TO-FACE, TELEPHONIC, OR IN-FLIGHT COORDINATION) 58

Attachment 3—CAS COORDINATION AND BRIEFING GUIDE (USE FOR FACE-TO-

FACE OR TELEPHONIC COORDINATION) 61

Attachment 4—AIR-TO-GROUND JOINT LIVE FIRE EXERCISE PROCEDURES 64

Attachment 5—AIR-TO-AIR LIVE FIRE PROCEDURES 67

Attachment 6—EXAMPLE IMC/VMC WAR CALLS 78

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 5

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1. General Information.

1.1.1. MAJCOM Supplements. MAJCOM/direct reporting unit/field operating agency level supplements to this volume will be coordinated with ACC/A3TW prior to approval and publishing in accordance with AFPD 11-2.

1.1.2. Waivers. The OPR of this instruction prefers recommendations for changes instead of waiver requests. Unless explicitly annotated below, the waiver authority for this instruction is the lead command (ACC) A3. Units should forward requests for waivers through their command channels to ACC/A3. Exercise directors will brief all participants on waivers prior to conducting associated activities. All waiver approvals will include an expiration date. (T-1).

1.2. Additional References.Attachment 1 provides references, adopted forms, abbreviations and acronyms, and terms used in this publication. A complete list of multi-service and Air Force

(AF) tactics, techniques, and procedures can be found at https://intelshare.intelink.gov/sites/561jts/SitePages/Home.aspx and http://www.alsa.mil/.

1.3. Roles and Responsibilities. Units should implement training plans, exercises, products, scenarios, etc. to enable a safe training environment in accordance with instructions laid out in this publication. Aircrew are required to follow this publication, but does not preclude sound pilot judgement when encountering situations not clearly defined in this publication.

https://intelshare.intelink.gov/sites/561jts/SitePages/Home.aspx http://www.alsa.mil/

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Chapter 2

GENERAL TRAINING PROCEDURES

2.1. General Information. This chapter provides general procedures applicable to air-to-air and air-to-surface training missions.

2.2. Philosophy . Successful mission accomplishment demands effective coordination among all participants to include command authorities, controlling agencies, friendly surface-to-air sites, and airborne weapons systems. Operation Plans (OPLANs) and Operation Orders (OPORDs) will provide the foundation for this coordination.

2.2.1. Coordinate missions flown with other commands, services, Contract Air Training

Services (CATS), and foreign nation services in advance. In the event of conflicting guidance, apply the most restrictive guidance (Training Rules (TRs), operating instructions, etc.) of participating units.

2.2.2. Contract Air Training Services. When conducting operations with CATS, this instruction is the standard for training rules. Additionally, Operations Group Commanders or equivalent must consider their test/training requirements, the capabilities and currencies of both their assigned and contracted (if applicable) personnel/aircraft, along with the airspace and environmental factors in order to determine whether more restrictive TRs and procedures are required than prescribed in this instruction. (T-3). If more restrictive guidance is deemed necessary by the Operations Group Commander or equivalent, local TRs and procedures will be published as local guidance and will be distributed to the applicable contract aircrew. (T-

3). For additional guidance with respect to CATS, reference AFI 10-220, Contractor’s

Flight and Ground Operations. (T-3).

2.2.3. The host Air Force unit has operational control of deployed units upon arrival for training. The host Air Force unit commander:

2.2.3.1. Identifies the program/mission objectives, ensures the safe conduct of operations, and designates mission commanders for all composite or combined force training. (T-2).

2.2.3.2. Identifies flying training missions based on unit tasking and the experience levels of participating aircrews. (T-3).

2.2.3.3. Briefs all deployed aircrews on local operating procedures and training areas.

(T-3).

2.2.3.4. Briefs both host and deployed aircrews on participating aircraft characteristics, dissimilar formation procedures, and other relevant areas. (T-3).

2.2.4. The results of training are unclassified; however, mark and handle training results

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY when associated with weapons systems and their tactical capabilities or deficiencies. (T-2). Refer to appropriate security classification guides for additional guidance. Headquarters Air Combat Command, Flight Operations and Training

Division (HQ ACC/A3T), is the release authority for all requests of tactics and training data to all non-Department of Defense agencies.

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 7

2.2.5. Only aircrew and unit-assigned intelligence personnel may view cockpit media

[Multi-Functional Display (MFD), Head Up Display (HUD), Joint Helmet Mounted Cueing

System (JHMCS), etc.] of their respective fighter Mission Design Series (MDS) and block.

F-15A-D pilots will not share recordable media with F-15E aircrew. Block 30 F-16 pilots will not share recordable media with Block 40 F-16 pilots. Exception: If they are from the same Formal Training Unit (FTU) location or qualified in both blocks according to their assigned squadron's Letter of Xs. Foreign exchange pilots will only view recordable media from their primary assigned F-16 block. (T-2).

2.2.5.1. Wing Commanders are the release authority for cockpit media to personnel outside the MDS or block. Commanders will ensure that all security directives relating to the release of classified information are followed. (T-2).

2.2.5.2. With previous Wing Commander coordination, exceptions can be made for flight evaluators (or designated augmentees) during flight evaluations in support of a higher headquarters inspection, site visit, etc.

2.3. Check-in and Check-out Procedures. Aircrew will check-in and check-out with the controlling agency, such as airborne warning and control system (AWACS), Joint Surveillance and Reconnaissance System (JSTARS), control and reporting center (CRC), Forward Air

Controller Airborne (FAC(A)), air support operations center (ASOC) or JTAC, with the minimum items described below. (T-2).

2.3.1. Check-in.

2.3.1.1. Pass the following information at initial check-in:

2.3.1.1.1. Call sign and location.

2.3.1.1.2. Authentication (as required).

2.3.1.1.3. Deviations or aborts affecting mission accomplishment.

2.3.1.1.4. Mission or weapons system alibis that affect mission accomplishment.

2.3.1.1.5. Lost link emergency mission location and altitude (Remotely Piloted

Aircraft [RPA] only).

2.3.1.2. The air battle manager (ABM), WD, FAC(A), ASOC and JTAC will accomplish the following:

2.3.1.2.1. Authentication (as required). (T-2).

2.3.1.2.2. Indicate negative/positive radar contact (if applicable). (T-2).

2.3.1.2.3. If equipped with Identification Friend or Foe/Selective Identification

Feature (IFF/SIF), conduct an IFF/SIF check and advise the aircrew of status

“SOUR” or “SWEET.” (T-2).

2.3.1.2.4. Provide a brief to include location of friendly forces, civilians and no fire areas. (T-2).

2.3.1.2.5. Pass information pertinent to mission accomplishment. Pass the air

“PICTURE” and surface “LOWDOWN” to include ground order of battle and

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electronic order of battle. Do not pass information already in the Air Tasking Order

(ATO)/Airspace Control Order (ACO) unless it requires special emphasis. (T-2).

2.3.1.2.6. Status of Support Assets. At check-in provide the mission commander with “WORDS” on the status of all packages supporting the mission. (T-2).

2.3.1.2.7. Provide working frequency or net and Time-of-Day (if applicable). (T-2).

2.3.1.2.8. Transfer control to the designated control agency (AWACS, CRC, etc.)

and/or element/ controller, such as the ABM, WD, ASOC, JTAC, FAC(A), etc. (as applicable). (T-2).

2.3.1.3. The controlling agency/aircrew will provide additional information, as required:

2.3.1.3.1. Available air-to-air armament. State air-to-air armament available by number of active missiles, number of IR missiles, and gun available (e.g., "2x2xGUN" for 2 AIM-120, 2 AIM-9, and gun available). (T-2).

2.3.1.3.2. Available Air-to-Surface armament. (T-2). When air-surface munitions are directed in the ATO, pass status as “as-fragged” or provide changes to the controlling agency. Otherwise, when directed, or when mission require a full accounting of available munitions (e.g., time-sensitive-target tasking, troops-in-contact), pass all available air-surface munitions. (T-2).

2.3.1.3.2.1. Aircrew checking-in to a Close Air Support (CAS) mission will clearly identify actual versus simulated weapons load out to the

ASOC/FAC(A)/JTAC. (T-2).

2.3.1.3.2.2. ASOC/FAC(A)/JTAC will provide a read back to the aircrew the actual weapons load-out. (T-2).

2.3.1.3.3. Mission Update. The control agency (AWACS, CRC) will pass any mission updates to include updated target coordinates. (T-2).

2.3.1.3.4. Fuel Status. Pass fuel status by indicating the amount of “PLAYTIME” in minutes the flight has above "BINGO" fuel. (T-2).

2.3.2. Check-out. The controlling agency is responsible for prioritizing aircraft recoveries.

2.3.2.1. During check-out aircrew will contact the controlling agency with the following:

2.3.2.1.1. Call sign, location, and recovery base or recovery request. (T-2).

2.3.2.1.2. If available for additional Air-to-Air or Air-to-Surface tasking, transmit

“PLAYTIME” and ordnance remaining. (T-2).

2.3.2.1.3. Mission results and intelligence (In-flight Report). (T-2).

2.3.2.2. The ABM/WD will, as conditions permit:

2.3.2.2.1. Provide recovery instructions including base status and weather. (T-2).

2.3.2.2.2. Copy and relay in-flight reports and/or weather reports. (T-2).

2.3.2.2.3. Assist in Minimum Risk Route (Safe Passage) procedures. (T-2).

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 9

2.4. Airspace Control.

2.4.1. General Information. Effective airspace management and utilization is a shared responsibility between aircrew and the controlling agency. During training missions, airspace is generally reserved for only those aircraft participating in the training. As aircrew, ABMs, WDs, ASOCs, and JTACs transition to combat operations, airspace allocation is determined by the ACO, mission priorities, and airspace needs of multiple users.

2.4.2. Commit Criteria . The commit is a coordinated effort between aircrew, Tactical

Command and Control’s (Tac C2) ABM/WDs, and the Area Air Defense Commander

(through the senior air defense officer [SADO] and/or regional air defense center [RADC]).

Authorities, responsibilities, and procedures are governed by published OPORDs, OPLANS, command authority, Rules of Engagement (ROE), Special Instructions (SPINS), commit criteria, and force commander’s directions.

2.4.2.1. Tac C2 initiates a “COMMIT” when on- or off-board sensors identify the adversary has met pre-defined criteria. When informed of a “COMMIT” by Tac C2, the flight lead will acknowledge by directing the flight to “COMMIT” or advise Tac C2

“NEGATIVE COMMIT” and state the reason. (T-2).

2.4.2.2. Aircrew initiate a “COMMIT” when on- or off-board sensors identify the adversary has met pre-defined criteria. When the aircrew initiates a “COMMIT” the flight lead will inform the ABM/WD and provide target information. (T-2).

2.4.3. Continuum of Control. The continuum of control is grouped into five levels: close, tactical, broadcast, advisory, and autonomous. Transition between levels of control may occur rapidly and continuously throughout the mission. The continuum allows maximum use of aircrew and ABM/WDs’ situational awareness (SA) while minimizing missed opportunities. Table 2.1 shows the Continuum of Control.

Table 2.1. The Continuum of Control.

Close

Control

Tactical

Control

Broadcast

Control

Advisory

Control

Autonomous

Operations

Target and commit information provided to specific flights

Target information provided but not to specific flights

Radar target information not available and not provided

Communication not available

Vectors and altitude

Aircrew responsible for tactical positioning

2.4.3.1. Close Control. The ABM/WD is responsible for vectors, intercept geometry, and altitude deconfliction.

2.4.3.2. Tactical Control. Tactical control enables the maximum use of aircrew and

ABM/WD radar, communication, and SA to accomplish the mission. It is the standard employment level for the execution of training missions and employs informative, comparative, and directive communications.

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2.4.3.2.1. Aircrew will structure communications to support SA of all participants.

Call sign usage is critical to mission success. (T-2).

2.4.3.2.2. ABM/WDs will keep aircrew informed about all situations affecting their mission or execution through clear and concise communications. (T-2).

2.4.3.3. Broadcast Control. Broadcast control is a means for ABM/WDs to support air operations in a covert or saturated environment. ABM/WDs provide informative communications primarily to pass target information to multiple missions by referencing a designated location.

2.4.3.4. Advisory Control. The controlling agency uses advisory control when they lose radar capability. ABM/WDs may use procedural control to manage airspace allocation depending on the controller’s training and certification, and published procedures/restrictions.

2.4.3.5. Autonomous Operations. Autonomous operations occur when the aircrew cannot receive information or guidance from Tac C2 or the controlling agency. During autonomous operations that are not pre-planned, both aircrew and Tac C2/controlling agency will attempt to re-establish communications. (T-2).

2.4.4. Methods of Airspace Control. ABMs, WDs, FAC(A)s, ASOCs, and JTACs use positive or procedural methods to control and deconflict airspace between participating aircraft, between aircraft and surface fires/missions, and between participating and non-participating aircraft.

2.4.4.1. The method of airspace control is dictated by system capabilities, pilot/ABM/WD/ASOC/JTAC training/certification, and requirements published in the

Airspace Control Plan (ACP), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Air Traffic

Control (ATC) regulations, host nation Aeronautical Information Publications, SPINS, and/or other governing documents.

2.4.4.1.1. Procedural control methods depend on adherence to published procedures with real-time changes directed by the controlling agency based on mission requirements, weather, and competing/conflicting requirements.

2.4.4.1.2. Positive control methods rely on radar, other sensors, tactical data links, and transponder usage to positively identify, track and direct air assets.

2.4.4.2. Tac C2 focus for airspace control is safety of all users through the application of deconfliction methods. Tac C2 does not provide standard ATC services as defined by

FAA/ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) or host nation rules.

2.4.4.3. During Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC), aircrew must use all available sensors to clear their flight path utilizing see and avoid procedures.

2.4.4.4. ABM/WD/ASOC/FAC(A)/JTACs will use all available radar, data link, and other sensors to provide SA to aircraft under their control, and should communicate to aircrew when no longer able to provide positive control and deconfliction due to limited radar coverage or task saturation. (T-2).

2.5. Scenario Changes. Before the "FIGHT'S-ON" call (or “vulnerability” start time), exercise directors, mission commanders, and ABM/WDs will notify and receive acknowledgment from

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 11

all aircrew for any scenario changes affecting safety of flight (e.g., airspace changes, weather in working area, block changes, altimeter setting). (T-2).

2.6. Exercises. The following instructions apply to major exercises including, but not limited to, Flag Exercises, Operational Readiness Inspections, and composite force training exercises:

2.6.1. Special Instructions (SPINS). Exercise directors will publish and brief SPINS unique to their exercise. (T-2).

2.6.2. Qualifications. Commanders will ensure that exercise participation is limited to those events that aircrew and ABM/WDs are qualified to perform. (T-2). Mission Commander and other upgrades may be accomplished in a major exercise with appropriate supervision.

2.6.3. Briefing Requirements. Exercise directors will brief participants unfamiliar with this instruction to ensure they know and understand the TRs. (T-2). For additional Joint Live

Fire Exercise briefing requirements, refer to Attachment 4. Exercise directors will also publish modifications to TRs in the exercise planning document to accommodate differences in TRs. (T-2).

2.6.4. Pre-Mission Briefings (See paragraph 3.3 for additional Air-to-Air TRs briefing requirements):

2.6.4.1. Pre-mission briefings will include the applicable portions of the TRs and exercise SPINS. (T-2).

2.6.4.2. The mission commander, flight lead, squadron/wing supervisor, or weapons officer will conduct daily telephonic mission briefs, e-mail, and/or video teleconference with participating units in exercises when operational constraints make it impractical for face-to-face briefings. (T-2). This wing supervisor does not need to be flying in the mission, but must be a fully knowledgeable exercise participant. (T-2).

2.6.5. Separation of Aircraft. Exercise directors and mission commanders will develop and implement deconfliction plans that provide adequate separation of participating aircraft.

(T-2). Use any combination of time, space (assigning specific geographical areas to flights), or altitude blocks to deconflict participating aircraft. (T-2).

2.7. General Air-to-Air Refueling Rules.

2.7.1. ABM/WDs and aircrew will refer to:

2.7.1.1. MDS specific checklist. (T-2).

2.7.1.2. The applicable Air Force Manual (AFMAN) series 11-2, Volume 3, Operations

Procedures. (T-2).

2.7.1.3. The applicable Air Force series Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (AFTTP)

3-3. (T-2).

2.7.1.4. Allied Technical Publication (ATP) 3.3.4.2, Air to Air Refueling, for detailed information with regard to Air-to-Air Refueling. (T-2).

2.7.2. Air-to-Air Refueling Communications. Emission control (EMCON) procedures must be tailored to receiver and tanker proficiency and flight safety. (T-2). In addition to the guidance provided here, minimized radio transmissions between command and control, the receivers, and the tankers will be conducted in accordance with ATP-3.3.4.2. (T-2).

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Chapter 3

GENERAL TRAINING RULES

3.1. Introduction. This chapter provides general training rules and procedures for day, night, and low altitude operations.

3.2. Gravity (G)-Awareness Exercise. As a minimum, conduct a G-awareness exercise. (T-1).

3.2.1. For aircraft requiring a G-suit, anytime aircrew plan or are likely to maneuver above five Gs during the mission. (T-1). For aircraft not requiring a G-suit, anytime aircrew plan or are likely to maneuver above four Gs during the mission. (T-1).

3.2.2. Maintain a minimum of 6,000 feet between aircraft during the G-awareness exercises.

3.3. Briefing and Debriefing Requirements.

3.3.1. Briefings and debriefings should take place in the following order of priority: 1) Face to face; 2) Telephonic or electronic; 3) Airborne.

3.3.2. As a minimum, face-to-face, telephonic and electronic briefings will cover the items in the General Coordination briefing guide in Attachment 2 or the CAS coordination and briefing guide in Attachment 3. For electronic briefings, confirm that the briefing is received and understood by the recipient. (T-2).

3.3.3. Flight debriefings will critically assess mission execution and offer solutions to problems encountered. (T-2).

3.4. Knock-It-Off (KIO) and Terminate Procedures. Use KIO or Terminate procedures to direct aircraft or aircrew to stop engagements, scenarios and tactical maneuvering. (T-2).

3.4.1. KIO Procedures. A KIO call ceases all tactical maneuvering and ends the overall scenario. Use KIO procedures for the following:

3.4.1.1. If safety of flight is a factor.

3.4.1.1.1. A dangerous situation is developing.

3.4.1.1.2. An unbriefed or unscheduled flight enters the working area and is detrimental to the safe conduct of the mission.

3.4.1.1.3. Weather below minimums required to safely conduct the scenario.

3.4.1.1.4. Aircraft malfunctions affecting safety of flight.

3.4.1.1.5. Loss of SA.

3.4.1.2. When Desired Learning Objectives (DLOs) either are met or are unattainable for an entire scenario.

3.4.1.3. Scenario may be restarted with a “FIGHT’S ON” call.

3.4.2. Once a "KNOCK-IT-OFF" is called, all participating aircraft will:

3.4.2.1. Acknowledge with call sign in roll call fashion (i.e., flight leads only on the primary frequency. Flight members will acknowledge the call on the interflight frequency) (T-2).

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 13

3.4.2.2. Cease tactical maneuvering and end the scenario. (T-2).

3.4.2.3. Deconflict flight paths and climb/descend to a safe altitude, block, or as briefed.

(T-2).

3.4.2.4. Address any problems/issues and obtain verbal clearance from the flight lead/mission commander/exercise director/representative before resuming/resetting the scenario. (T-2).

3.4.3. TERMINATE procedures. A TERMINATE ceases all tactical maneuvering with the terminating aircraft or within a specific portion of a larger scenario.

3.4.3.1. Use TERMINATE procedures when safety of flight is not a factor, and in the following cases:

3.4.3.1.1. Reaching BINGO fuel. (T-2).

3.4.3.1.2. DLOs are met or are unattainable for a local engagement within a larger scenario. (T-2).

3.4.3.1.3. Training rules or other limits met (e.g., 180-degrees turn). (T-2).

3.4.3.1.4. Exceeding area boundaries. (T-2).

3.4.3.1.5. Below minimum altitude or within minimum range, but when safety is not compromised. (T-2).

3.4.3.1.6. Below 5,000 feet Above Ground Level (AGL), airspeed is below MDS minimum, and within visual range (defined as < 5 nautical miles [NM]) of adversary.

(T-2).

3.4.3.2. Initiate “TERMINATE” procedures with a wing rock or transmit

"TERMINATE" when conditions are not appropriate for a wing rock (night/weather, own-ship parameters will not allow, etc.). (T-2). When calling “TERMINATE” anchor position geographically or with a bullseye reference ("(Callsign), TERMINATE south fight" or "(Callsign), TERMINATE fight, BULLSEYE 180/10)”. (T-2). Use amplifying information if necessary (altitude, type aircraft, and geographical feature). (T-2).

3.4.3.3. If “TERMINATE” is called within a large scenario, radio acknowledgments (in roll call fashion) are not required; however, all affected element leads must ensure compliance. All participating aircraft within visual range (defined as < 5 NM) of a terminated fight, whether passed via a radio call or wing rock will:

3.4.3.3.1. Cease tactical maneuvering with the terminating aircraft, group of aircraft, or as specified in the terminate call. (T-2).

3.4.3.3.2. Deconflict flight paths and climb/descend to a safe altitude, blocks or as briefed. (T-2).

3.5. Communications Jamming Procedures.

3.5.1. Exercise directors will brief restricted frequencies to include taboo, protected and guarded frequencies to all personnel directly associated with communication jamming missions (aircrew, ABMs/WDs, EWOs, jammers, JTAC) with emphasis placed on safety frequencies. Accomplish communication jamming only in tactical training areas. (T-2).

14 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

3.5.2. Preface all transmissions required for safety (e.g., weather changes, airspace advisories), with "SAFETY, SAFETY." Upon hearing this call all jammers on the frequency(s) will cease jamming to allow the transmission. (T-2).

3.5.3. Transmit "KNOCK-IT-OFF" when situations develop that meet paragraph 3.4.1 as a result of communication jamming. (T-2).

3.5.4. Any person employing communications spoofing will not use terms with safety implications (e.g., "KNOCK-IT-OFF," "CHATTERMARK," or "SAFETY") as communication jamming tactics. (T-2).

3.5.5. Do not conduct communication jamming on Guard or any pre-designated safety frequency. (T-0).

3.5.6. In training, do not conduct communication jamming that would affect the following activities:

3.5.6.1. Air-to-Air refueling. (T-2).

3.5.6.2. Actual personnel or cargo air drops. (T-2).

3.5.6.3. Aircraft in distress. (T-2).

3.5.6.4. Aircraft in Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC) conditions. (T-2).

3.5.6.5. Live ordnance delivery missions. (T-2).

3.6. Chaff, Flare, and Smokey Devil Procedures.

3.6.1. Arm chaff, flare, and Smokey Devil systems only in an approved airspace. (T-2).

3.6.2. Smokey Devil or Flare Employment.

3.6.2.1. Aircrew may employ flares or Value Engineering Change Proposal Smokey

Devils (VECP SD) when operating over government-owned-or-controlled property

(including over-water warning areas). Aircrew will make every attempt to verify current fire conditions prior to employment. (T-2). If unable to verify current fire conditions, aircrew will adhere to the most restrictive fire hazard procedures until a less restrictive update is received. Use the following minimum altitudes:

3.6.2.1.1. No fire hazard: Aircrew may employ down to their minimum altitude unless a higher altitude is specified in range regulations. (T-2).

3.6.2.1.2. Fire hazard: According to applicable AFMAN series 11-2, Volume 3 directives or range regulations, whichever is most restrictive. Smokey Devils employment is limited to 500 feet AGL. (T-2).

3.6.2.2. VECP SD minimum altitude for employment is 300 feet. (T-2).

3.6.2.3. Aircrew may employ flares and VECP SD in a non-government owned or controlled training area (e.g., Military Operations Areas (MOA), Military Training

Routes) only if the training area has an approved AF Form 813, Request For

Environment Impact Analysis. Aircrew must contact the local airspace manager for information. In training areas over non-government-owned or -controlled property, minimum flare employment altitude is 2,000 feet AGL unless specified otherwise in

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 15

governing regulations. (T-1). Outside the U.S. refer to host nation rules governing the employment of flares. (T-0).

3.6.3. When employing chaff in the U.S. and Canada, refer to Chairman of the Joint Chiefs

Of Staff Manual (CJCSM) 3212.02E, Performing Electronic Attack in the U.S. and Canada for Tests, Training, and Exercises; FAA Handbook; and AFMAN 13-212, Volume 1, Range

Planning and Operations. (T-0). Outside the U.S. and Canada, refer to host nation rules governing the employment of chaff. (T-0).

3.7. Low Altitude Training Rules.

3.7.1. Maneuvering transition to low altitude. (N/A for helicopters) Maximum dive angle during maneuvering flight below 5,000 feet AGL is the lesser of 45 degrees or one percent of

AGL altitude (e.g., 40 degrees nose low at 4,000 feet AGL, 30 degrees nose low at 3,000 feet

AGL). Reduce dives starting above 5,000 feet AGL to 45 degrees or less before passing

5,000 feet AGL. (T-2).

3.7.2. Adhere to low altitude guidance in accordance with the applicable AFMAN series 11-

2, Volume 3.

3.7.3. FTU HC/MC-130Js will adhere with the following minimum altitude restrictions when a student pilot is in either seat: Day Threat Penetrations – 200’ AGL, Night Threat

Penetrations – 300’ AGL. (T-2).

3.8. Night Training Rules. This section adds additional night TRs applicable to both Air-to-Air and Air-to-Surface night training.

3.8.1. Day, Night, and Civil Twilight Procedures. Use day rules and procedures (training) during civil twilight (defined in the air almanac or flight weather briefing). (T-2). Use night or weather procedures when adverse conditions exist during civil twilight. (T-2).

3.8.2. Night Lighting and Illumination.

3.8.2.1. Aircraft Lighting Category Definitions. (Note: These definitions do not relieve aircrew from complying with AFMAN 11-202V3, Flight Operations, aircraft lighting requirements).

3.8.2.1.1. Full-up: Normal aircraft lighting in accordance with AFMAN 11-202V3, and any applicable waivers.

3.8.2.1.2. Reduced: any lighting configuration other than full-up, normal lighting.

3.8.2.1.2.1. Covert: Night lighting visible through Night Vision Goggles (NVGs) but not visible to the naked eye.

3.8.2.1.2.2. Lights-out: All external lights off.

3.8.2.2. Comply with the appropriate syllabus limitations for student training. (T-2). In addition, units must:

3.8.2.2.1. Brief all participants. (T-3).

3.8.2.2.2. Operate only within authorized areas (per agreement with local airspace controlling agencies). (T-0).

16 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

3.8.2.2.3. Advise the appropriate airspace controlling agencies before commencing lights out activities to ensure passing of advisories to nonparticipating aircraft. (T-0).

Note: This is not required for operations below 500 feet above ground level.

3.8.2.2.4. Establish procedures to halt reduced or light-out operations when a potential conflict or emergency occurs. (T-0).

3.8.2.3. Illumination Levels.

3.8.2.3.1. High Illumination (HI) is defined as illumination, derived from natural or artificial sources, of 2.2 millilux or greater, unless defined otherwise in the applicable

AFMAN series 11-2, Volume 3 instructions.

3.8.2.3.2. Low Illumination (LI) is defined as less than 2.2 millilux, unless defined otherwise in the applicable AFMAN series 11-2, Volume 3 instructions.

3.8.2.3.3. In aircraft not equipped with in-flight illumination measuring devices, the flight lead or individual pilot is the final determining authority to assess actual illumination for a particular mission element based on visibility and terrain features/resolution. Missions planned for HI may transition to LI TRs in-flight depending upon weather, moon rise/set, artificial illumination, etc. Missions may not transition from LI mission to HI TRs unless the actual conditions permit (i.e., greater than 2.2 millilux), and the HI mission was both planned for and briefed. (T-2).

3.8.3. Minimum Altitude. The minimum altitude at night is Minimum Safe Altitude

(MSA), Terrain Following/Terrain Avoidance (TF/TA), or NVG minimum altitude as appropriate. MQ-9/Special Operations/Airlift/Rescue aircraft may operate below the MSA according to the applicable AFMAN series 11-2, Volume 3.

3.8.3.1. NVG minimum altitude.

3.8.3.1.1. With HI, the minimum altitude for NVG (non -TF/TA) operations is 1,000 feet AGL. (T-2).

3.8.3.1.2. With LI, the minimum altitude for NVG operations is the MSA. (T-2).

3.8.3.2. Aircraft conducting TF/TA operations with NVGs may use the lower of the two minimum altitudes.

3.8.4. NVG Mission Planning and Considerations.

3.8.4.1. Mission Planning.

3.8.4.1.1. NVG pre-mission planning will be accomplished using a DoD-approved light level-planning program. (T-2).

3.8.4.1.2. If ambient illumination is low and artificial illumination is planned to enhance the mission, a "no flares/artificial illumination" back-up option will be briefed. (T-2).

3.8.4.1.3. (N/A for helicopters) All flights will plan LI and no-NVG back-up options. (T-2).

3.8.4.1.4. Brief factors affecting NVG use to include current and forecasted weather, illumination, terrain, and physiological considerations. (T-2).

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3.8.4.2. Considerations.

3.8.4.2.1. When only portions of participating aircraft are NVG-equipped, inter-flight deconfliction will be accomplished using visible lighting or positive altitude/area deconfliction. All aircraft will halt any reduced (covert or lights-out) lighting operations when a "KNOCK-IT-OFF" occurs until positive separation of aircraft is achieved. (T-2).

3.8.4.2.2. Failure of any portion of the NVGs requires an immediate transfer to instruments and establishment of non-NVG procedures. Resume NVG operations only after correcting the NVG malfunction. (T-2).

3.9. RPA Training Rules.

3.9.1. Deconfliction. Prior to establishing radio/radar/data link/visual contact, manned aircraft will maintain a minimum of 1,000 feet vertical or 5 NM lateral separation from

RPA’s expected altitude block or orbit point. (T-2).

3.9.1.1. After contact has been established, aircraft will maintain 1,000 feet vertical separation and may reduce lateral separation to 2 NM. (T-2).

3.9.1.2. When maintaining both radio and visual contact, aircraft may reduce separation to a 1,000 feet bubble.

3.9.2. Lost Link.

3.9.2.1. Manned aircraft will assume RPA Lost Link when previously established communications are lost. (T-2).

3.9.2.2. Upon notification of RPA Lost Link or communication is lost with RPA, manned aircraft will increase separation based upon monitoring systems available and associated deconfliction described in paragraph 3.9.1 (T-2).

3.9.2.3. RPA crew will notify the controlling agency that they are “LOST LINK.” (T-2).

3.9.2.4. Controlling agency will notify all applicable players of RPA “LOST LINK.” (T-

2).

3.9.3. Multi-Flight attacks. Aircraft run-in heading and egress will be planned to maintain separation from RPA in accordance with paragraph 3.9.1 (T-2).

3.10. General Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC) Training.

3.10.1. IMC Operations . These maneuvering limitations are for all aspects of training

(air-to-air and air-to-ground). Reference paragraph 4.2.9 and paragraph 5.4.1 for additional IMC training rules.

3.10.2. If IMC training is a possibility, aircrew will include IMC maneuvering restrictions during the brief. (T-2).

3.10.3. Aircrew will only conduct IMC training above 5,000 feet AGL or the MSA, whichever is higher. (T-2). Exception: AFSOC, units under AFSOC oversight, or AFSOC-gained aircraft conducting IMC intercept training above 3,000 feet AGL may maneuver up to the limitations specified for the LIMITED maneuvering category. When conducting IMC

18 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

intercept training below 3,000 feet AGL, AFSOC, units under AFSOC oversight, or AFSOC-gained aircraft are limited to the RESTRICTED maneuvering category. (T-2).

3.10.4. If unable to maintain the weather requirement for VMC operations, aircrew will adhere to the IMC restrictions outlined below. (T-2). If the bank/pitch limits are inadvertently exceeded, pilots will TERMINATE tactical maneuvering in their aircraft and recover to within the prescribed limits (T-2). Once back within limits, tactical maneuvering may resume.

3.10.5. Experienced Aircrew Restrictions:

3.10.5.1. Aircrew will use a maximum of 90 degrees of bank and 30 degrees of pitch during all phases of training. (T-2).

3.10.5.2. With Operations Group Commander Approval, experienced aircrew may execute the following:

3.10.5.2.1. When executing Outs, Aborts, and Exits (normal Air-to-Air and Surface-to-Air timeline maneuvers), aircrew will use a maximum of 135 degrees of bank and

30 degrees of pitch for no more than 180 degrees of turn (based on the heading at the initiation of the maneuver). (T-3).

3.10.5.2.2. When executing Surface-to-Air threat reactions, aircrew will use a maximum of 135 degrees of bank and 30 degrees of pitch. Additionally, aircrew will use a maximum of three heading reversals not to exceed ±90 degrees from the heading at the initiation of the threat reaction. (T-3).

3.10.5.2.3. Upon completion of the maneuver, and prior to any further maneuvering, aircrew will return to a 0 degrees pitch / 0 degrees bank (wings level attitude) in order to reorient themselves with the horizon. (T-3).

3.10.5.2.4. Note: Air-to-Air RESTRICTED maneuvering limitations take precedence over this section (see paragraph 4.2.6.4).

3.10.6. Non-Experienced Aircrew Restrictions.

3.10.6.1. Aircrew will use a maximum of 90 degrees of bank and 15 degrees of pitch during all phases of training. (T-2).

3.10.6.2. FTU students will use a maximum of 60 degrees of bank and 15 degrees of pitch during all phases of training. (T-2).

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Chapter 4

AIR-TO-AIR TRAINING RULES

4.1. Introduction. This chapter provides rules that apply to all maneuvering categories of Air-to-Air training unless otherwise specified.

4.2. General Air-to-Air Training Rules.

4.2.1. Airspace. Conduct training within designated airspace. Both aircrew and ABM/WDs share joint responsibility for avoiding lateral spill-outs. (T-2). It is the aircrew responsibility to avoid vertical spill-outs. Accomplish supersonic flight only in designated areas and ensure its documented in accordance with AFI 13-201, Airspace Management. Units will develop and publish local procedures to ensure an airspace buffer exists between concurrent, vertically separated missions (such as low altitude training occurring below air combat training). (T-2).

4.2.2. Communications. Basic procedures are in Chapter 2 and Chapter 3. The following additional procedures apply to Air-to-Air training:

4.2.2.1. Aircrew will acknowledge all ABM/WD airspace and safety related calls. (T-2).

4.2.2.2. ABM/WD procedures:

4.2.2.2.1. Advise aircrew of the bearing, range, heading, and altitude (if available) of previously unreported aircraft within 10 miles that are a potential hazard. (T-2).

4.2.2.2.2. Advise aircrew when the controlling agency cannot support a minimum of broadcast control. In this situation only continue an engagement if the aircrew can provide safe separation. (T-2).

4.2.2.2.3. Advise aircrew when they approach airspace boundaries (3 NM for fighters and 5 NM for non-fighters) or as directed by the ATC agency. (T-2).

4.2.2.2.4. Provide other pertinent information (e.g., airspace changes, weather in working area, system degradation). (T-2).

4.2.2.3. If using separate frequencies for opposing forces, ABMs, WDs, and/or Range

Training Officers (RTOs) must have simultaneous monitor and broadcast capability on each working frequency. (T-2). ABMs/WDs and/or RTOs will immediately pass all

“KNOCK-IT-OFFs”, “TERMINATEs” and safety of flight information to all participating aircraft. (T-2).

4.2.3. Live Air-to-Air Missile Carriage.

4.2.3.1. Do not fly with live Air-to-Air missiles in peacetime, except under the following circumstances:

4.2.3.1.1. Air defense alert aircraft, to include changeover sorties. (T-2).

4.2.3.1.2. Weapon System Evaluation Program (WSEP) and Operational Test and

Evaluation programs (reference Attachment 5). (T-2).

4.2.3.1.3. Aircraft flown following generation exercises. (T-2).

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4.2.3.1.4. As authorized by MAJCOM/A3 (or equivalent), service directives, or

OPLAN tasking. Note: Waiver for non-USAF service directives is (T-0).

4.2.3.2. The following requirements apply to authorized carriage of live Air-to-Air missiles for other than WSEP firings: (T-2).

4.2.3.2.1. Aircrew will make a "WEAPONS SAFE" call upon initial check-in and before each setup following a KIO or terminate. Check the master arm switch in the

SAFE, SIM/TRAIN, OFF, or equivalent position, and use the weapons panel or

Heads Up Display (HUD) to verify Weapons Safe. (T-2).

4.2.3.2.2. Do not simulate weapons employment, squeeze trigger or depress the pickle button. (T-2).

4.2.3.2.3. Maximum maneuvering category is LIMITED. (T-2).

4.2.3.2.4. Do not use the terms “HOSTILE” or “KILL” at any time unless acknowledging a kill call. (T-2).

4.2.4. Simulated Gun/Missile/Laser Employment.

4.2.4.1. To prevent inadvertent firings when simulating gun employment ensure the following:

4.2.4.1.1. Have no ammunition loaded or safe the gun according to the applicable –

34 Series Technical Orders (T.O.s), or comply with the applicable AFMAN series 11-

2, Volume 3 guidance. (T-0). Only A-10 aircraft may simulate gun employment with a gun that is not safe. (T-0). Adhere to procedures outlined in AFMAN 11-2A-

10C, Volume 3, A-10C - Operations Procedures. (T-0).

4.2.4.1.2. Perform a trigger check (trigger squeeze) before simulated gun employment. (T-2).

4.2.4.2. To train or simulate missile employment with a gun that is not safe in accordance with –34 Series T.O.s, accomplish all of the following:

4.2.4.2.1. Load no live missiles. (T-2).

4.2.4.2.2. Place the master arm switch in the SAFE, SIM/TRAIN, OFF, or equivalent position. (T-2).

4.2.4.2.3. Verify the weapons panel or HUD display SAFE, SIM, OFF, or equivalent position. (T-2).

4.2.4.2.4. Do not squeeze the gun trigger. (T-2).

4.2.4.2.5. Do not conduct basic fighter maneuver training (A-10 exempt). (T-2).

4.2.4.3. Air-to-Air Laser Employment.

4.2.4.3.1. Combat Air-to-Air lasing above the horizon must be coordinated through the JFCC-Space/J95 Laser Clearing House (LCH) (DSN 275-6565) in accordance with Department of Defense Instruction (DoDI) 3100.11, Management of Laser

Illumination of Objects in Space and U.S. Strategic Command (STRATCOM)

Instruction 534-12, Laser Deconfliction Process (T-0). At present time, there are no aircraft-mounted combat laser systems in the inventory that have LCH approval or

AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020 21

waiver for lasing above the horizon. The AN/AAQ-33 SNIPER Advanced Targeting

Pod and the AN/AAQ-28 LITENING Advanced Targeting and Navigation Pod are approved to operate above the horizon in the eye safe training mode only.

4.2.4.3.2. Combat Laser Setting for Air-to-Air Employment. Laser-equipped aircraft are prohibited from using a combat laser setting during peacetime training missions unless the Operation Group (or equivalent) Commander specifically approves use for a training exercise, test, or WSEP. Unit will contact and abide by current guidelines established by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL)/RHDO Range

Certification Team. (For Air-to Ground Laser Employment see paragraph 5.6) (T-

2).

4.2.5. Fuel Requirements.

4.2.5.1. Establish fuel minimums for each mission in accordance with the applicable

AFMAN series 11-2, Volume 3 unless further restricted by local guidance. Note: Waiver for non-USAF service directives is (T-0).

4.2.5.2. Perform operations checks prior to each engagement and/or periodically during the vulnerability period. (T-2).

4.2.6. Maneuvering Categories. This section provides maneuvering categories for aircraft during Air-to-Air training missions. This section also specifies the maximum maneuvering allowed during Air-to-Air training based on flight conditions (day, night, or weather) or altitude. If no weather call is made, maintain cloud clearances in accordance with briefed maneuvering category. Note: If maneuvering category is determined by non-USAF directives, policies or other sources the waiver level is (T-0). The rules of this instruction, MAJCOM Supplement to AFI 11-203, Volume 2 or service directives (e.g., Army, Navy, Joint), or aircraft limitations apply, whichever is the more restrictive. Note: Waiver for non-

USAF service directives is (T-0).

4.2.6.1. The engagement begins when opposing aircraft initiate visual maneuvers against each other. The altitude of the lowest participating aircraft determines the maneuvering category. When in doubt, default to the more restrictive category. (T-1).

4.2.6.2. UNLIMITED. Provides Air-to-Air training with no limitations on maneuvering other than outlined in the applicable AFMAN series 11-2, Volume 3 and flight manual

(e.g., applicable AFTTP 3-1, applicable T.O. 1-1M34s) aircraft limitations.

4.2.6.2.1. Minimum altitude is 5,000 feet AGL.

4.2.6.2.2. Weather Requirements for UNLIMITED Operations. Must maintain 2,000 feet vertical and 1 NM horizontal cloud clearance with 5 NM visibility and a discernible horizon.

4.2.6.3. LIMITED. Provides for Air-to-Air training with the following limitations.

4.2.6.3.1. Offensive/Neutral aircraft have no maneuver restrictions pre-merge.

4.2.6.3.2. An engagement can continue until:

4.2.6.3.2.1. A “TERMINATE” or “KNOCK-IT-OFF” occurs.

4.2.6.3.2.2. A role reversal between two opposing aircraft.

22 AFI11-214 8 JULY 2020

4.2.6.3.2.3. A defender reaches 180 degree of turn at the start of the threat reaction. (A defender is an aircraft visually reacting to defeat an adversary's attack aft of his 3/9 line. All maneuvers into and out of the notch are excluded.)

4.2.6.3.2.4. If neither aircraft can be clearly identified as the defender, the engagement will be terminated after the first aircraft reaches 180 degrees of turn after 3/9 line passage. (T-2).

4.2.6.3.3. Weather Requirements for LIMITED Maneuvering: When operations cannot be maintain for the weather requirements outlined for unlimited maneuvering and IMC conditions can be avoided, then limited maneuvering may be utilized.

4.2.6.4. RESTRICTED. Provides for Air-to-Air training with heading changes of up to

90 degrees either side of course. This rule applies upon initiation of any defensive reaction…