A04_SOW_(Attachment_1).docx

S C O P E O F W O R K

ADMINISTRATIVE HISTORY

FORT LARNED NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE

KANSAS

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR – NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

PMIS PROJECT NUMBER # 256851

I. Introduction The National Park Service (NPS), through the Midwest Regional Office (MWRO), requires the performance of research and writing of an Administrative History for Fort Larned National Historic Site, Kansas. The history will help complete basic historical documentation of the park’s history and resources as developed and managed by the National Park Service. The information contained in the Administrative History is essential for present and future interpretation and resource management.

This Administrative History is a comprehensive synthesis of primary and secondary source material that is pertinent specifically to Fort Larned National Historic Site. The study shall conform to professional standards regarding methodology of historical research and writing. Stylistic, bibliographical, and report production standards shall conform to the current edition of the Chicago Manual of Style. The study will include an oral history project whereby sixteen (16) current and former NPS employees and others important to the history of this park unit will be interviewed in person, digitally recorded, and transcriptions prepared.

Fort Larned National Historic Site is on Kansas Highway 156, six miles west of the City of Larned, Pawnee County, Kansas.

The Administrative History, including enumerated appendices, graphics, and index shall be completed within twenty-four months from the date of contract award.

II. DESCRIPTION OF THE RESOURCES

[Quoted from Foundation Document]: Congress authorized Fort Larned National Historic Site through Public Law 88-541 in 1964 to commemorate the significant role Fort Larned played on the Santa Fe Trail in the opening of the American West. The park preserves, protects, and interprets the original and reconstructed fort buildings and central parade ground and the fort's surrounding cultural landscape/setting and natural resources, circa 1860 to 1884, a period that included the American Civil War and "Western Frontier Indian Wars" eras. These resources are preserved in perpetuity and make this valuable part of America's heritage available to visitors for their experience, enjoyment, understanding, and appreciation.

The park consists of 718.39 acres; 410 acres are owned fee simple and the remainder in scenic easement. Much of the land is shortgrass prairie, preserving the setting and viewshed of the historic fort. The Pawnee River and an old oxbow, so critical to the choice of the fort's location and defenses, are clearly visible, as is gallery forest along the banks of the river. Many of the stone buildings of the fort have survived and are restored and furnished. These nine buildings are arranged around the fort's parade ground. A tract of unbroken prairie (44.44 acres) contains clearly visible wagon ruts from the Santa Fe Trail and an active prairie dog town. This part of the park is approximately 5.5 miles from fort structures.

The story of Fort Larned begins prior to the Civil War and continues to the Indian Wars period that followed. From 1821 to 1880, the Santa Fe Trail was one of America's most important overland routes. It carried several million dollars in commercial traffic between Santa Fe, New Mexico, and Independence, Missouri, each year. The acquisition of vast new territories by the United States after the war with Mexico and the gold rushes of 1849 and 1858 further boosted traffic on the trail. Inevitably, the influx of merchants, gold seekers, and adventurers disrupted the American Indian way of life. Believing their existence in jeopardy, the tribes struck back, attacking commerce, mail shipments, and travelers on the Santa Fe Trail. To counter such attacks, the U.S. Army set up a military post in 1859 on the banks of the Pawnee River about 5 miles from its junction with the Arkansas River. It was called Camp on the Pawnee Fork, then named Camp Alert. In June 1860, the camp was moved farther west, where a more durable sod-and-adobe fort was built and named for U.S. Army Paymaster-General Col. Benjamin F. Larned.

Fort Larned was one in a succession of military posts constructed for Santa Fe Trail protection and. escort duty. Others were Forts Mann, Atkinson, Union, Wise (later named Fort Lyon), Zarah, Dodge, Aubrey, and Camp Nichols. Some were temporary posts and lasted only a few months. Others, like Fort Larned, were considered permanent. As the military presence grew, troop movements and freighting increased to keep posts supplied. Although traffic declined after 1868 when tribal threats abated, Forts Larned, Lyon, and Dodge continued to develop.

Most of the original structures at Fort Larned were inadequate to withstand the large-scale war that many high-ranking officers predicted. Thus, Fort Larned's stone buildings were constructed between 1865 and 1868.

For several critical years, Fort Larned was a principal guardian of Santa Fe Trail mail and commerce. Its soldiers worked with troops from Fort Union and Fort Lyon on both the Cimarron and Mountain branches of the Santa Fe Trail. In 1864, after the Sand Creek Massacre in eastern Colorado and when the War Department forbade travel beyond Fort Larned without armed escort, the post supplied guard detachments for mail stages and wagon trains. The fort was home to soldiers, including, for a time, a regiment of Buffalo Soldiers, African American troops who experienced prejudice at the fort. Fort Larned was also home to military wives, some employed as laundresses, and children.

In April 1867, Major General Winfield S. Hancock's expedition marched from Fort Larned and captured and burned an encampment of peaceful Cheyenne Dog Soldiers and Oglala Sioux on Pawnee Fork, located 32 miles west of the fort. It was the most important event in the Plains Indian Wars in Kansas, inciting a war where none existed, intensifying hostilities, and having far-reaching consequences for the tribes.

Fort Larned was a key post in the Indian Wars from 1859 to 1869. In 1868, violating the Treaty of Medicine Lodge signed the year before, the Cheyenne attacked several wagon trains along the Santa Fe Trail and raided settler homesteads. The Kiowa, Comanche, and Arapaho also began to raid from Kansas to Texas. Major General Philip H. Sheridan obtained permission from Washington, DC, to organize a winter campaign, a new approach to warfare against the tribes. Sheridan ordered Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer and the 7th Cavalry to thrust south into Indian Territory. Custer's campaign culminated in an attack on Black Kettle's Cheyenne along the Washita River, destroying a camp of 51 lodges and ending organized American Indian threats to the area around Fort Larned.

For most of the 1860s, Fort Larned also served as an agency of the Indian Bureau, which tried to find peaceful solutions to American Indian and white cultural conflicts. In a series of treaty agreements, the United States promised to pay annuities of clothing and other necessities to the Cheyenne, Arapaho, Kiowa, and Comanche in return for their staying on tribal lands (reservations) and keeping the peace. Beginning in 1861, Fort Larned was an annuities distribution point; American Indians gathered at the fort and heightened the fort's role in the exchange and distribution of goods among many different peoples. Between the Indian Agency and the sutler's store, Fort Larned was an important place for many. Travelers on the Santa Fe Trail, both European American and Hispanic, stopped at Fort Larned to trade goods and information.

Ironically, Fort Larned's last important task helped to make the trail it so long protected obsolete. The ending of the Civil War led to a surge of railroads across the plains. Promising cheaper, faster transportation, the trails of mud and dust could not compete with trains.

In 1872, as the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway pushed west, Fort Larned soldiers protected those constructing the railroad. In July 1878, the military largely vacated the fort, leaving only a small guard force. In 1884, the buildings and land were sold at public auction, and the property was a ranch under private ownership until it became a national historic site in 1964.

The Santa Fe National Historic Trail was established in 1987 and is administered by the National Trails Intermountain Region Office of the National Park Service in Santa Fe, New Mexico. The Santa Fe National Historic Trail Comprehensive Management and Use Plan tasks Fort Larned National Historic Site with an expanded interpretive role.

The Cheyenne and Sioux Village Site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2010. The story of the Hancock expedition and destruction of the village on Pawnee Fork is an important part of Fort Larned's history. The Fort Larned Old Guard, the official friends group for Fort Larned National Historic Site, with assistance from the Archaeological Conservancy, purchased the land containing the village site in 1998. The Fort Larned Old Guard has preserved the site to the present, offering special interpretive programs at the site periodically.

The fort's buildings are restored and most are fully furnished. Park exhibits commemorate Fort Larned, the Santa Fe Trail, the U.S. military, and the multiple cultures affected by the Santa Fe Trail and U.S. westward expansion in the region. Living history is an important part of interpretive programs at Fort Larned. In addition to park programs on-site and outreach at schools and libraries, the park has developed programs to interpret the Cheyenne/Sioux Village Site.

The following significance statements have been identified for Fort Larned National Historic Site.

1. Historic Fort Buildings and Setting. The original buildings of Fort Larned, situated in a relatively undisturbed setting, comprise one of the most complete military posts remaining on the Santa Fe Trail. Fort Larned's setting, cultural landscape, intact historic buildings, and furnishings provide the visitor with an authentic experience of a typical western frontier fort protecting U.S. interests.

2. Protecting the Santa Fe Trail and Westward Expansion. Fort Larned played an important role in protecting people, mail, and cargo traveling back and forth on the Santa Fe Trail in the 1860s. Fort Larned had a role in peacekeeping for a large geographic area of the United States, and it is the best surviving example from a system of frontier forts on the Central Plains along the Santa Fe Trail.

3. Hub of Cultural Interchange. As both an active military post and an Indian Agency, Fort Larned and its sutler's store were a focal point for cultural exchange and conflict among the variety of peoples (American Indians; U.S. military, including Buffalo Soldiers; military families and hangers-on; Hispanic traders; civilians; and other travelers on the Santa Fe Trail) on the Plains during the Indian War period.

The following fundamental resources and values have been identified for Fort Larned National Historic Site:

• Historic Structures and Parade Ground. The nine original buildings and parade ground form the historic core of the fort as well as the block house, which was reconstructed using original materials. Mostly free of modern intrusions, this area is reminiscent of the historic scene and preserves the layout of Fort Larned.

• Setting/Cultural Landscape. The generally open, undisturbed rural setting surrounding the fort's historic buildings and parade ground is composed of agricultural fields, gallery forest along the banks of the Pawnee River, a remnant oxbow, riparian areas, and areas of restored prairie.

• Santa Fe Trail Ruts. Ruts from the wagon traffic on the Santa Fe Trail are clearly visible. The ruts have never been plowed, though they have been disturbed by grazing and prairie dogs.

• Original Fort Larned Artifacts from Period of Significance. Artifacts include original items and archeological collections in storage and on display from the military era (1859-1884). Notable items include engraved stone, graffiti from the military period, materials from Fort Larned soldiers, and original furnishings.

• Archeological Remains from Period of Significance. Archeological remains consist of in situ archeological resources, including the belowground resources of the cemetery.

There are resources which are related to the Fort Larned National Historic Site story that are owned and managed by entities outside the National Park Service. These are referred to as related resources, and they are noted here for their importance to the park. Although the National Park Service has no direct management role in these resources, their continued preservation is of great importance to the national historic site because they may be part of the broader context or setting in which park resources exist; represent a thematic connection that would enhance the experience of visitors; or have close associations with park fundamental resources and the purpose of the park.

The following related resources have been identified for Fort Larned National Historic Site:

• Santa Fe Trail National Historic Trail.

• Fort Union National Monument (New Mexico).

• Bent's Old Fort National Historic Site (Colorado).

• Washita Battlefield National Historic Site (Oklahoma), Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site (Colorado), Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument (Montana) - related people, related conflicts. Actions at one site led to reactions at the others.

• Adjacent grasslands that are part of the national historic site's viewshed.

• Additional Santa Fe Trail ruts in the area.

• Cheyenne Sioux Village Site owned by Fort Larned Old Guard.

• Santa Fe Center Trail Museum, interpretive center for the Santa Fe Trail.

• Quarry from which the fort building stones were taken.

• Pawnee Rock State Historic Site, operated by the Kansas State Historical Society.

• Pawnee River watershed.

This unit of the National Park System has not previously had an Administrative History prepared for it.

The project will include reviewing and summarizing all NPS inventory, research, planning and management documents prepared for the park. Past oral history interviews and those conducted for this project with current and former park employees and partners, and examining more recent pertinent reports and records at the park and at the Federal Records Center/National Archives branch in the Kansas City, Missouri, metropolitan area.

The following is an incomplete list of significant events and actions that need to be covered in the Administrative History:

Research Project – Develop and Complete the Administrative History for Fort Larned National Historic Site

An NPS Administrative History is a history of a park unit as an institutional entity. Its purpose is to present the history of a park since the time it was first proposed through Congressional authorization and subsequent NPS management. It provides NPS managers a historic context for making decisions on issues relevant to park management. This research project will include a legislative history detailing federal laws relevant to Fort Larned National Historic Site. It will also focus on all studies, plans, restoration/preservation activities, and management decisions regarding the operation, interpretation, and preservation of the park.

This document will describe legislative efforts to preserve and protect historic Fort Larned, park authorization, and the park’s NPS development and operational history, and how it has been managed by NPS to the present day.

The completed study will include the following elements:

A. Introduction providing an overview of prehistory and history, including geology, Native American habitation, area tribal history, European-American exploration and settlement, Santa Fe Trail, arrival of U.S. military, construction and use of fortifications, abandonment and sale, private ranching operations, preservation efforts including National Historic Landmark designation.

B. Legislative history leading to the authorization of Fort Larned National Historic Site in 1964, and all subsequent legislation pertaining to the park, including all boundary adjustments.

Nine months after contract award, the contractor will supply draft chapters for A. and B. to NPS for review and approval. It will contain or consider all pertinent topics listed above. Contractor will supply five (5) hard copies as well as an electronic WORD document for the review. Draft material will have page numbering and line-numbering in the left margin (started over on each page). NPS will provide comments within 30 days.

C. The primary emphasis of the study will provide a description and analysis of the development and administration of Fort Larned National Historic Site as a unit of the National Park System. The origin and rationale for key management decisions shall be thoroughly discussed and reference made to planning documents, studies, and other historical, archeological, and scientific research reports that resulted in major management decisions. Other topics, in addition to those enumerated above, to examine (in no particular order) include:

Contents of all NPS reports and plans are to be summarized and management decisions explained.

The study will elaborate on Fort Larned National Historic Site’s association, cooperation, and interaction with other NPS units in Kansas and surrounding states, including Nicodemus National Historic Site, Fort Scott National Historic Site, Brown v. Board of Education National Historical Park, Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, and Homestead National Historical Park. The study will also detail similar association, cooperation, and interaction with the NPS Midwest Regional Office, Midwest Archeological Center, Denver Service Center, Harpers Ferry Center, and Washington Office.

Study will document how and why the administrative operations changed over time. Attention will be paid to the annual budget and staff growth. Similar treatment must be afforded to other park divisions.

Describe condition of historic resources pre-1964 (changes made during ranching operations)

Policy development and changes over time.

Statement for Management and Planning Succession of park managers/superintendents and their accomplishments.

Management oversight of Nicodemus National Historic Site and discussion of assistance provided to this newer park unit.

Interpretation and education programs and how they evolved over time. Museum exhibits and collections. Long-Range Interpretive Plan. Wayside exhibits. Web site introduction and development. Interpretive films. Park store. Cooperating association.

Park maintenance/facility management program

Park visitor protection/law enforcement program

Summary of natural resource program and activities

Resource Management (cultural and natural resources)

All archeological investigations

Cheyenne and Sioux Village Site maintenance shop and operations; emergency storm shelter

Cultural Landscape Report (1999)

Americans with Disabilities Act compliance

Partnerships with local governments, tribes, and organizations, most importantly the Fort Larned Old Guard

Operations Evaluation Report (FY 2014): summarize findings, including violations of National Historic Preservation Act/Section 106 and National Environmental Protection Act.

Youth Partnerships Program/Teen Rangers.

Prairie Dog control at Santa Fe Trail Ruts

Rehabilitation and Reconstruction activities for administrative and visitor use; detailed discussion of reconstruction (Blockhouse) and historic preservation work proposed and implemented for all park historic structures.

Ethnographic Overview and Assessment and collection of oral history interviews

Park Housing Management Plan (HMP) and use of buildings for onsite park housing

Boundary markers

Technological updates with computer technology; use of radio communications; land line telephone service and cellular service.

Cultural resources management. List of Classified Structures (LCS) and Cultural Landscape Inventory (CLI) initiatives and enrolled properties. National Historic Landmark and National Register listings. Improvement of collection storage facilities; eliminating backlog of uncatalogued objects, and improvement of curatorial procedures.

Volunteer in Parks program – volunteers assist in every aspect of park operations. Also Cultural Demonstrators, and Artists-In-Parks opportunities.

Park projects undertaken through Reagan Administration’s Park Restoration and Improvement Program (PRIP). Parks during this period prepared Land Protection Plans

NPS Inventory and Monitoring Program projects

Collection Management Plan

Annual celebrations and events

Picnic Area

Interpretive publications

Developing/updating/replacing wayside exhibits

Fire suppression plan and system; system upgrade; development of park fire history

Park research library and rare book collection

Development of geographic information system (GIS) to aid managing park’s cultural and natural resources

Development of General Management Plan and amendment

Greenbelt Express EIS for 530-mile high-voltage direct current transmission line corridor from southwestern Kansas to northeastern Missouri.

The contractor will provide within eight months of contract award preliminary chapters: Introduction, historical background, and legislative history of the Administrative History for NPS review and approval. Contractor will supply five (5) hard copies as well as an electronic WORD document for the review. Draft material will have page numbering and line-numbering in the left margin (started over on each page). NPS will provide comments within 30 days.

The Administrative History must place Fort Larned National Historic Site in context with the evolution of management policies, procedures, and practices of NPS over time. Contractor will utilize the files, library, and archives of Fort Larned National Historic Site.

D. Oral history interviews with key decision-making personnel. Because NPS documentation is not complete, oral history interviews will be especially useful in the Administrative History. Fort Larned National Historic Site has eight or more oral history interview transcriptions on file to be used in this project. Most of them focus on the ranching era of Fort Larned prior to National Park Service acquisition.

Sixteen (16) formal oral history interviews will be conducted in person according to professional standards with current and/or retired NPS employees, community members, and partners pertinent to the park’s history as follows (grouped geographically, names and contact information to be provided following contract award):

Larned, Kansas:

W.C., current park facility manager B.C-G: current park administrative officer G.E.: current supervisory park ranger S.L.: former park superintendent F.R.: former chief park ranger J.G.: former maintenance mechanic J.R.: daughter of last ranch owner R.P.: former director, Santa Fe Trail Center

North Central Kansas:

L.O.: leader in Fort Larned Old Guard, Woodston, KS

Nebraska:

J.D.J.: former NPS archeologist, Lincoln, NE K.M.: former park superintendent, Roca, NE B.H.: NPS historical architect, Omaha, NE B.B.: former park superintendent, Beatrice, NE

Colorado:

D.S.: former NPS archeologist, Grand Junction, CO T.C.: former NPS interpretive planner, Mosca, CO

Oregon:

A.O.: former NPS historical architect, South Bend, OR

A list of alternate interviewees will be provided in case any of the above candidates are unwilling or unable for whatever reason to participate. The alternates may be interviewed via telephone and not in-person.

Oral history interviews will be conducted in person, digitally recorded, transcripts produced, a digital photograph of each interviewee taken, and assignment of interview rights forms signed. All interviewees will be given an opportunity to review and edit his/her interview transcript over a one-month period.

Within one year of contract award, contractor will provide transcriptions of all oral history interviews for NPS inspection and approval.

F. Bibliography of source materials, including all previous research, surveys, and reports dealing with Fort Larned National Historic Site.

G. Appendices: Information including, but not limited to, all pertinent legislation, maps and/or drawings, listing of annual budgets, and a comprehensive listing of past and present NPS personnel, will be included in the Administrative History's appendix. The study shall include appropriate maps and other figures within the narrative, including historic and contemporary photographs. The photographs shall have captions and identify their source.

H. Contractor shall also prepare two short articles (1 to 2 pages) and illustrations on any topic related to this Administrative History to be uploaded to the park’s website or other internet site.

I. A draft of the completed Administrative History with all above specified elements will be prepared and provided to NPS for review and comment according to a planning schedule and matrix outlined between NPS and contractor at the start of the project. Contractor will then incorporate all comments and resubmit a final draft. Following approval of the Administrative History by NPS, an index (generated by the latest version of Microsoft Word) will be prepared which incorporates all significant names, places, objects, activities, and programs referenced in the document. Used in conjunction with the Table of Contents, the Index will assist readers find particular topics of interest with ease. The final draft will then be reviewed by the Contracting Officer’s Representative (COR) to ensure all NPS comments have been incorporated, and then submitted for approval signatures.

III Additional Contract Requirements

A. General provisions

1. Prospective contractors should note that the research design submitted by the contractor becomes a binding element of the contract and is expected to be carried out. The research performed and reported must meet the minimum requirements.

2. Within 30 days of award of contract, the contractor shall participate in a virtual post-award scoping meeting with pertinent NPS staff to discuss technical aspects of the contract and to confirm the planning schedule for the submission of the deliverables.

3. The production of the Administrative History shall be completed within 24 months of contract award.

B. Report standards/format and submission schedule

The final report will be in the latest version of Microsoft Word and include the information required in the specifications listed in Section II, above. It must be typed on 8-1/2 by 11-inch white paper. All pages must be numbered. Copies of photographs (screened for reproduction clarity), maps, drawings, and text must be clean, clear, and legible. Historic photographs can be in black and white; contemporary photographs will be in color. The format must comply with the latest edition of the Chicago Manual of Style. The document must be Section 508 compliant.

In addition, all reports must contain the following:

1. Title/Cover page listing the name of the Principal Investigator. If the report is also authored by Project Historians, the title page must identify the author(s) and bear the inscription, "Prepared under the supervision of (name), Principal Investigator." The title/cover page shall also include signature and date lines for three approving officials in the following order: “Recommended/Superintendent, Fort Larned National Historic Site/Date; "Concurred/Associate Regional Director, Cultural Resources, Midwest Region/Date; and Approved/Regional Director, Midwest Region/Date."

2. Five (5) hard copies of an outline and the preliminary chapters will be submitted eight months following contract award for NPS review and approval. The outline shall include descriptions of each chapter containing sufficient detail to demonstrate the complete range of topics and themes to be discussed as well as chronological periods. The draft material will be typed, double-spaced, with numbered reference lines in the left margins on each page of text for reviewers to target their comments to specific pages and line numbers. Line numbering will start with “1” atop each page. NPS will provide review comments on the chapter outline and preliminary chapters to the PI within 30 days of receipt of the document. The PI shall make necessary revisions and submit the final chapter outline to NPS within 15 days of receipt by the contractor. The outline will provide the basis for the “Table of Contents” for the Administrative History.

3. Five (5) hard copies of the draft report will be submitted twenty months following contract award to NPS for review. The draft will be typed, double-spaced, with numbered reference lines in the left margins on each page of text and will include all maps, graphics, footnotes, and appendices to be included in the final report. The draft will be reviewed by NPS for contract sufficiency and professional quality. Within 45 days of receipt by NPS, the draft will be reviewed and the contractor will be notified when review comments will be transmitted.

4. A final draft report addressing review comments transmitted to the contractor by NPS will be submitted to NPS prior to printing of the final document. The contractor will design appropriate cover art/graphics including the NPS Arrowhead for the camera-ready final document. Printing on the document's spine will include title, author, National Park Service, and year of publication. Within 60 days of NPS acceptance of the final draft (indicated by the three required signatures specified above) and before expiration of the twenty-four month contract period of performance, the contractor will furnish one (1) camera-ready unbound final document printed on archival paper, 100 dry ink digital printed and separately perfect-bound copies of the report, and a compact computer disk or disks containing the final document in the latest version of Microsoft Word.

5. All formal oral history interviews conducted will be digitally recorded and transcriptions prepared. All interview candidates must sign an interview rights release form (format to be supplied by NPS). Any additional interviews which take place on an informal basis (i.e., telephonically) must be comprehensively documented in a memorandum of telephone call. All recordings, transcripts, interview rights release forms, photographs, and memoranda of telephone calls will be organized for curatorial storage and transmitted to NPS with the final document.

C. Disposition of data

At the conclusion of research and within 60 days of written acceptance of the final camera-ready report, all notes, records, maps, drawings, photographs, negatives, slides, digital images, tapes, digital recordings transcripts, and other data acquired during the course of this study will be professionally organized for archival purposes and submitted to the Contracting Officers Representative, to be deposited in the archives of Fort Larned National Historic Site.

D. Progress reports

Quarterly progress reports during the performance of the research and writing phases of this contract are required. The initial due date will be 90 days after contract award. All quarterly reports will be submitted to the Contracting Officer Representative (COR), delivered via email

IV. Payment

Partial payments may be made up to 80% of the contract award amount. Payments must be based on deliverables accepted by the government (see FAR 52.212-4(a), Contract Terms and Conditions – Commercial Items, Inspection/Acceptance & FAR 52.211-1, Time of Delivery). Payment requests must be in accordance with the clause titled, Electronic Invoicing and Payment Requirements - Invoice Processing Platform (IPP).

V. Endorsement

Proposals submitted for consideration must be accompanied by a signed cover letter. If the proposal is submitted by an organization, it must bear the endorsement of both the Principal Investigator and a representative of the organization who is empowered to commit the organization to such an undertaking.